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新闻分析:伊拉克库区独立公投恐打开“潘多拉魔盒”

2017-09-12 16:56:28   新华网

新华社北京9月12日电 新闻分析:伊拉克库区独立公投恐打开“潘多拉魔盒”

新华社记者邵杰

伊拉克库尔德自治区(库区)计划于本月25日举行独立公投。伊拉克政府对此坚决反对,强调独立公投“违反宪法”,不会承认公投结果。由于库尔德问题牵涉中东地区多个国家,公投将给错综复杂的地区形势增添新的变数,可能带来动荡乃至战乱。

举行公投的地区包括库区三个省份杜胡克、埃尔比勒、苏莱曼尼亚以及由库尔德人控制的基尔库克省,约占伊拉克领土面积的五分之一,是伊拉克主要的石油产区。伊拉克境内约有500万库尔德人,另有大约2500万库尔德人主要分布在土耳其、伊朗和叙利亚等周边国家。这些国家也一致反对伊拉克库区举行独立公投。伊朗媒体11日报道,伊朗最高领袖哈梅内伊的高级军事助理萨法维少将警告说,伊拉克库区公投是中东地区一场新的危机,将引发战争和长期动荡,使中东碎片化,并为外部势力进一步插手和控制中东提供机会。

如果伊拉克库区不顾各方反对,强行按照计划举行独立公投,进而寻求真正独立,可能引发连锁反应。

首先,公投将进一步冲击中东地区脆弱的政治版图。中东现有政治版图是在20世纪初奥斯曼帝国崩溃和西方列强瓜分势力范围的背景下形成的,中东地区人民的意愿没有得到充分体现。此后,虽然发生以色列建国、叙利亚和埃及短暂合并、海湾诸国独立等一连串历史事件,但中东政治版图没有发生重大改变。

但是,一旦伊拉克库区真正独立,其影响将超过上述历史事件。因为这将引发连锁反应,不仅加速土耳其、伊朗和叙利亚境内库尔德人寻求独立的步伐,而且进一步削弱中东地区其他多民族、多教派国家民众的国家认同感,甚至可能使中东现有政治版图分崩离析。这也是伊拉克库区独立公投遭到周边所有国家反对的主要原因。

其次,公投将进一步加剧中东地区的紧张局势,可能让遭受挫败的恐怖和极端势力卷土重来。极端组织“伊斯兰国”2014年曾在库尔德人聚居的伊拉克北部和叙利亚北部占据大片地区,这绝非偶然。在这些地方,中央政府的控制相对薄弱,而民族、教派矛盾异常尖锐,这给“伊斯兰国”留下可乘之机。

如果库区举行独立公投,将会让在那里生活居住的许多逊尼派阿拉伯人感到恐慌,其中一些人曾经是前萨达姆政权的坚定支持者,在萨达姆政权倒台后又成为恐怖组织的同情者。这些阿拉伯人将寻求外部干预甚至借助恐怖组织来挫败库尔德人的独立图谋。此外,在库区生活的什叶派阿拉伯人和土库曼人也未必支持独立。

再次,公投将进一步激化库区内部派系矛盾。伊拉克北部库尔德人分属不同派系,其中最大的两个派系分别由巴尔扎尼家族和塔拉巴尼家族领导。两派拥有各自的政党与武装,多次为争夺库区控制权而发生火并。一旦库区实现独立,那么这两大派系之间的矛盾可能激化,甚至再次兵戎相见。周边国家为了阻止和破坏伊拉克库尔德人独立,也会千方百计让库尔德内战长期化。

此外,伊拉克北部地区石油资源丰富,其收益曾占伊拉克全国国民收入的一半以上。当地库尔德人很大程度上把实现独立和富裕的希望寄托在石油资源上。但伊拉克北部位于内陆,没有出海口,石油出口必须途经周边国家,而这些国家都不支持库尔德人独立。一旦石油出口被切断,库尔德人将在经济上陷入绝境。

对于伊拉克库尔德人来说,强行举行独立公投未必符合他们的长期利益,更可能打开“潘多拉魔盒”,恶化库区和中东局势,这也是国际社会不愿意看到的结果。

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