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都是英国殖民统治惹的祸?若开邦问题由来

2017-09-14 06:52:23   新华网

8月25日,“若开罗兴亚救世军”对缅甸若开邦北部30处警察哨所发动袭击,政府军随后发起反击。根据缅甸政府本月5日发布的通报,若开邦已发生97起袭击事件,造成数十人丧生,将近3万人流离失所。

这不是若开邦第一次爆发类似的危机。2016年,若开邦多个边防警察局遭袭,军队和警方随后展开清剿。2012年,一起强奸杀人案引发族群骚乱,也导致数百人死伤,数以万计的难民流离失所。

实际上,若开邦问题早已是地区顽疾,若开邦内的民族纷争历史跨越百年,一有导火索就突然爆发。追溯危机发展蔓延的根源,还要从英国殖民统治时期说起。

英国通过第一次侵略战争于1826年占领缅甸若开邦,并在1885年第三次侵缅战争后占领全部缅甸。其间,英国殖民政府从当时属于英属印度的孟加拉国地区迁移大批穆斯林至若开地区,协助殖民统治,挤占当地居民土地和生活资源。

二战时期,英国殖民政府还利用这批穆斯林移民,与当地若开族和缅族对抗,更加深了民族矛盾。殖民者“以夷制夷”制造民族矛盾的政策,埋下了若开邦穆斯林与其他民族之间仇恨的种子。

缅甸政府和主流人群认为,若开邦的穆斯林群体是英国殖民占领若开邦后迁移至缅甸的孟加拉国人,为非法移民。他们将若开邦穆斯林群体称作宾格利人,意即孟加拉人。

而若开邦的穆斯林群体自称罗兴亚人,坚称自己是自古以来混居于若开邦的阿拉伯人、阿富汗人、摩尔人、波斯人、土耳其人和孟加拉人的后裔。若开邦穆斯林是缅甸最大的穆斯林群体,他们散布于孟加拉湾沿岸的若开邦各地,以若开邦西北端与孟加拉国接壤地区最为密集。

地理上,若开山脉阻碍了若开邦穆斯林与缅甸主流社会的沟通融合;语言不通,宗教不同,更加深了双方隔阂。根据《缅甸公民法》,申请加入缅甸国籍需要证明本人或父母、祖辈在1948年缅甸独立之前已在缅甸居住,而且能说一种缅甸民族语言。而普通宾格利人难以提供确凿证据证明自己在1948年之前就居住在缅甸,所说语言又不是缅甸官方认可族群语言,因而难以取得缅甸公民身份。

在解决若开邦问题上,缅甸时任总统吴登盛执政期间就已释放出改革意愿。昂山素季领导的民盟政府上台以来也采取措施,发放公民身份验证卡,尝试赋予若开邦穆斯林公民权,逐步化解矛盾。(杨定都)(新华社专特稿)

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