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美国《时代》周刊:中国对库布其沙漠的绿化值得世界学习

2017-08-23 09:45:40   中国经济网

如今,在面积达1.86万平方公里的内蒙古库布其沙漠,人们的生活已经发生了巨大的转变。千百年来的放牧曾使这片土地上的所有植被消失殆尽,当地74万居民也随之陷入与世隔绝的贫困中。“过去人们用泥巴和土坯造房子,”60岁的孟宝音道格陶说,“我们的生活曾经很艰难。”

但如今他们的生活正在改善。从1988年起,亿利资源集团就与当地民众和中国政府治理沙漠化项目展开合作。近30年后,库布其沙漠的绿化率达到1/3。人们已经种下固定流沙并防止沙丘侵占农田和村庄的特殊植物。消失的牛羊成群已经重现,第二产业也在迅猛发展,游客们正蜂拥而至。“以前,即使需要一包火柴,我们也要骑上一天的骆驼或驴才能到达商店,”孟的39岁儿子可达莱说。如今他正在开办一家生意兴旺的饭店。

联合国环境署估计,过去50年来库布其生态恢复项目(该沙漠绿化项目的正式名称)价值18亿美元。在华盛顿正在从其国际承诺中抽身退缩之际,库布其的转变正在为中国作为环保领军者的资历增光添彩。如今中国是世界上最大的可再生能源投资国(去年近900亿美元)、从业人数占全球40%并计划到2020年创造1300万个就业岗位。

库布其项目彰显了在政府的指导和帮助下,私企也能参与解决环境退化问题、改善人们的生计并保护地球。“仅有福利项目难以为继,”亿利公益基金会负责人表示。“它或许可以持续5年或10年,但不能持续100年。因此我们必须确保当地人与我们一起受益。”如今,耐旱树木和灌木丛已使这片沙漠变得郁郁葱葱。“我们在很大程度上已经解决滥砍滥伐问题”,亿利资源绿土地公司总工程师韩美飞说。“目前的挑战是使之实现产业化。”

专家表示,库布其模式或许无法将所有沙漠都转变为葱翠的绿洲,因为它恢复的是近来才退化的土地。但对拥有世界上最多人口却仅有全球7%耕地、且其27%土地正遭受退化问题的中国来说,事实将证明从库布其沙漠治理中学到的经验会成为无价之宝。甘肃、河北、新疆和西藏都在开展类似绿化项目。此外,来自沙特和巴基斯坦等国的团队也在研究库布其模式的经验,中国极有可能通过其“一带一路”倡议出口其绿化技术。毕竟,全世界约20亿人依赖旱地为生,其中90%来自发展中国家。

作者查理·坎贝尔,丁雨晴译

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