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库布其:古老沙漠创造绿色奇迹

2017-08-22 04:17:10   中国青年网

库布其是中国第七大沙漠,位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯。过去的库布其,黄沙漫天,一片荒芜;而今经过近30年治理,沙漠里已生长出5000多平方公里绿洲,生物多样性明显恢复。

A 探索长效治沙机制

“风起明沙到处流,沙压房子人搬走,沙蓬窝窝沙葱菜,养活一代又一代。”在库布其沙漠深处的独贵塔拉镇道图嘎查村,这首当地流传的歌谣正是对过去库布其沙漠里活的写照。

沙漠里没有路,村民骑骆驼到最近的镇上购物,来回一趟要6天。许多孩子到十三四岁也上不了学。

改革开放后,鄂尔多斯市、杭锦旗等地方政府在积极实施“三北”防护林工程的同时,出台“谁经营、谁受益、长期不变、允许继承”的政策,广泛引导个人和企业参与治沙绿化,形成了政策支持、企业产业化和公益性投资、百姓市场化参与的独特模式。以亿利资源集团为代表的一批企业根植沙漠,探索了一条长效的产业化治沙机制。

如今,库布其治沙项目启动29年来,控制沙漠荒漠化面积达到1.1万平方公里,占沙漠总面积的1/3,使沙尘天气减少了95%。沙漠中也已生长和呈现出5000多平方公里的绿洲,生物多样性得到了明显恢复,绝迹多年的狼、狐狸、天鹅、山鸡、野兔、沙冬青、梭梭等野生动植物不断增多。

B 立体化治沙办法多

治沙纵然是一个艰苦的过程,但好的方法可以让治沙变得事半功倍。甘草平移栽培正是治沙讲技术的例子之一。

甘草,是一种名贵的中药材,也是治沙先锋植物。一棵甘草就是一个“固氮工厂”,对沙地有明显的改良作用。正常生长的甘草,每一株的绿化面积为0.1平方米。而库布其则在治沙过程中使用了新技术,让甘草横着生长。于是,一棵甘草的绿化面积从0.1平方米扩大到1平方米,绿化效率提高了10倍。

除了甘草的种植,在库布其的茫茫沙漠中,泛起的一片片蓝光也颇为引人注目。这便是数以万计的光伏板。“板上发电,板下养羊,板间种草”。在这里,光伏板提供清洁能源;光伏板之间铺设着喷灌系统,栽植着甘草、苜蓿、沙打旺、杨柴等牧草,防风固沙,一举多得;光伏板下养殖优质绵羊和灰雁等畜禽,构成了立体生态产业体系。

类似的例子还有很多。例如水气植树法、螺旋钻植树法、螺旋钻植树法,这些方式都不需要挖土坑、减少对土壤和地表的搅动,更适合沙漠地区种植,成本也更低。

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