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美要推倒“李将军”雕像?他究竟是啥来头?

2017-08-19 06:56:40   新华网

美国弗吉尼亚州骚乱事件,使150多年前一位将军罗伯特·李重回美国媒体和公众视线。散布在全美各地、尤其集中于南方各州的李将军雕像和纪念碑、以他命名的学校、街道等可能面临被移除、更名的命运。

罗伯特·李在美国历史上写下过重要一笔,并非仅仅因为他是南北战争中南方邦联最出色的将领,更在于后人赋予他的政治象征意义。

罗伯特·李出身将门,早年曾以优异成绩毕业于西点军校。南北战争打响时,他拒绝上级指派他率领北方联盟军队的任务,辞去公职,回到位于南方的家乡弗吉尼亚州,成为南方邦联率领北弗吉尼亚军的军事将领。南北战争结束前几周,罗伯特·李晋升为南方邦联军总司令。在寡不敌众的形势下,李将军于1865年4月代表南方向北方联邦投降。尽管声名显赫,美国史学家对他的军事指挥能力评价莫衷一是。

生活中,李将军从父亲那里继承的遗产中包括一批黑奴,他对他们严厉残忍。可他在写给妻子的信中却明确反对蓄奴,称奴隶制是“道德与政治的恶魔”。

南北战争后,李将军反对为自己修筑雕像和纪念碑,希望国家能尽快走出战争伤痛,达成和解。然而1870年李将军去世后,一种被称为“失落的事业”思潮逐渐兴起。这种思潮认为,南方邦联明知注定失败却还坚持战斗,是为“捍卫南方生活方式”的理念而战,刻意淡化甚至回避了南方邦联维护奴隶制这一“原罪”。这种说法在战后北方也获得了一定同情,某种程度上有利于促成南北白人社会之间的和解。

弗吉尼亚大学教授加里·加拉格在接受美联社采访时说,罗伯特·李军事领袖和奴隶主的身份渐渐淡出人们视线,转而被树立为“失落的事业”思潮的象征性人物。上世纪20年代美国多地陆续修建李将军雕像正是这一思潮兴起的结果,他的形象还出现在美国硬币和邮票上。

半个多世纪后,南部休斯敦、新奥尔良等城市的非洲和拉美裔美国人开始呼吁拆除李将军雕像,一部分原因是痛恨一些白人至上团体常在雕像所在地游行集会,不时引发暴力冲突;另一方面也是在表达对“失落的事业”思潮的质疑。

2015年,新奥尔良市将最后一座李将军雕像移除;2016年,休斯敦市决定将有大量拉丁裔美国人就读的“罗伯特·李中学”更名。

弗州骚乱发生后,休斯敦一家组织向市政府递交请愿书,要求移除市中心公园内一座名为“南方邦联之魂”的雕塑,目前已征得2000多名支持者签名。

美国智库席勒研究院高级研究员布莱恩·兰茨在接受新华社记者采访时说,美国经济眼下尚未从2008年金融危机中复苏,生活在较贫困地区的南部居民感受尤为强烈。近年来,“南部应再次复兴”的言论在南方各州得到越来越多人响应,社会中下层平民更易受这类口号的鼓动。

事实上,在经济、治安、贫富差距等问题的大背景下,不仅白人至上主义者、新纳粹等极右翼组织重新活跃,美国一些左翼组织也出现极端化倾向。

在夏洛茨维尔骚乱当天,休斯敦一个左翼组织碰巧举行支持移民的游行。在得到骚乱的消息后,游行立即演变为反对白人至上的示威活动。记者在现场看到,活动组织者持长枪维持秩序,可见事态严重性。

美国学界的普遍共识是,李将军并非白人至上主义者。而在不同时代,各类团体为李将军雕像赋予新的含义,恰恰是美国社会裂痕的写照。(高路 刘立伟)【新华专特稿】

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