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美国深陷阿片类药物滥用困境(深度观察)

2017-08-10 09:16:00   中国经济网

2016年9月,美国民众在华盛顿举行示威游行,对美国政府打击阿片类药物泛滥不力表达不满。

人民视觉

由美国总统特朗普签署行政命令成立的“打击阿片类药物上瘾危机委员会”最近发布报告称,阿片类药物泛滥美国,严重程度前所未有。报告呼吁特朗普立即宣布全国紧急状态。美国卫生与公共服务部部长汤姆·普赖斯8月8日在记者会上谈及是否就此宣布全国紧急状态时,表示“所有应对选择都摆在桌子上”。

特朗普当天说,美国政府将通过加强执法、提升边境管控,以遏制肆虐全美的阿片类药物上瘾和滥用危机。而专家认为,阿片类药物滥用是美国社会的一个顽疾,如果忽视背后的经济和社会因素,恐怕难以出台有效的措施。

每年造成经济损失约785亿美元

阿片类药物是止痛效果最好的一类药物,但其唯一来源是罂粟,反复使用阿片类药物可引起机体耐受成瘾。

上世纪80年代,一些学术文章认为,阿片类药物的成瘾性没有想象的严重,之后美国主要阿片类药物生产商承诺,服用阿片类止痛药不会上瘾,并大力推销,处方用药量迅速上升。2013年至2015年,美国人均使用阿片类药物的时间为17.4天,远高于其他发达国家。美国人口占全球5%,消耗的阿片类药物却占全球的80%。

美国疾病控制和预防中心数据显示,2015年包括处方用药和海洛因在内的阿片类药物致美国3.3万人死亡。根据《纽约时报》综合各州的原始数据估计,2016年阿片类药物过量致死人数可能超过5.9万人,超过枪击和交通事故致死人数的总和。

滥用阿片类药物给美国政府造成沉重经济负担。美国每年因阿片类处方药物滥用造成经济损失约785亿美元,费用涉及医疗保险开销、成瘾治疗、刑事司法调查等。美国疾病防控中心的数据还显示,目前美国有200万人对阿片类药物有依赖,2016年约有130万人入院治疗。由于成瘾的父母无法照看孩子,每年有300万儿童不得不由亲属监护。

阿片类药物滥用还影响美国劳动力的数量和质量,以及美国的经济发展前景。高盛近日发布的一份报告显示,阿片类药物的过度使用,已经成为处于黄金年龄、以男性为主的工人找不到工作或不愿就业的关键因素。

6个州启动类似紧急状态的机制

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