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未来跨大洋飞行只要两小时?

2017-08-07 06:02:17   中国青年网

一种比太空卫星更经济、比民航飞机和小型无人机的飞行时间更长,又能成为人类未来日常“坐骑”的新型飞行器,在近日由国防科工局系统工程一司主办、中国航天科工飞航技术研究院及中国宇航学会无人机专业委员会承办的“临近空间创新发展与开发应用高峰论坛”上,受到参会专家和媒体的关注。

这是航天科工三院302所所长马洪忠在论坛报告中提到的“临近空间飞行器”。据他透露,目前此类飞行器的研制已纳入国家相关部委发展规划中,航天科工、航天科技、中航工业等单位正在开展研发工作,部分已进展至飞行验证阶段。

所谓临近空间,是指“空”与“天”的结合部,普遍定义为海拔20~100千米的空域。在这个空间,将有两种飞行器穿梭其中,临近空间低速飞行器和临近空间高速飞行器。前者主要有遥感观测、通信保障的功能,后者则主要有远程快速达到、天地往返运输的功能。

先来看临近空间低速飞行器。马洪忠说,在临近空间低速飞行器研究中,有一个重要分支,是临近空间超长航时无人机,它可以在临近空间以亚声速连续飞行数天,甚至数月的新型平台,其作用可形象地比喻为在“亚太空”部署的“准卫星”。

具体来看,临近空间超长航时无人机能够在空间构建局域网,一旦在海洋上发现海事事故需要紧急救援,能对下面覆盖90公里的范围进行应急通信的构建。

他以汶川地震为例,当时,整个灾区里面缺乏有效的通信手段,内外部无法沟通情况,如果应用临近空间无人机便可以很快构建几十公里范围内的通信网络,实现黄金救援的72个小时。

“这种无人机的价值在‘千万’量级,而且使用维护便捷,相比‘数亿’量级的遥感卫星,可大幅降低高精度遥感数据的成本。” 马洪忠说。

此外,这种飞行器还能执行台风跟踪探测、卫星载荷带飞等特种任务。

当前我国对台风进行精细化预报的能力缺乏,而临近空间超长航时无人机具备飞至台风“风眼墙”上方的能力,可对台风进行下投式探测,实时获取台风垂直剖面的精细化数据,使台风24小时路径预报误差小于65公里,强度和风雨预报准确率提高5%~10%。

让人欣喜的是,我国目前也意识到了临近空间超长航时无人机发展的重要性,比如,在国务院发布的《“十三五”国家科技创新规划》中,就提出“提升卫星平台和载荷能力以及临近空间持久信息保障能力”。

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