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垃圾分类,靠啥往下推?

2017-09-16 07:41:52   新华网

分类是破解垃圾围城的核心环节,但实施十分不易

  垃圾分类,靠啥往下推?

如何建立垃圾分类长效机制,以有效推动分类全面开展?业内对这一问题的探讨或者争论一直持续,但难给出统一答案。记者最近采访了业内知名的专家学者,请他们也为这个问题把把脉。

 系统分类是解决垃圾围城问题的核心环节

记者:为什么把垃圾分类问题看得这么重?

同济大学环境与可持续发展学院教授杜欢政:对垃圾“一锅烩”,就无法做到垃圾处理的减量化、无害化和资源化。因此,垃圾分类是解决垃圾围城问题的核心环节,是在对垃圾进行无害化处置基础上实现资源化处理的关键。

垃圾分类的具体作用主要体现在两点,一是降低垃圾处理成本。比如,把易腐烂的有机物混在废纸中,造纸厂就无法利用这种“脏纸”来生产干净的再生纸,必须上马价格昂贵的清洗设备。二是解决臭味问题。垃圾不分类,让干湿垃圾混在一起,肯定会发酵并散发出恶臭味,对居民的生活环境造成影响。

记者:不少城市都在进行垃圾分类试点,大家希望有个先进的模式作指导,我们现在有没有这样的模板?

杜欢政:如今,我国垃圾分类的试点城市已达46个,既包括北上广等一线城市,也包括一些二、三线中小城市。这些城市的情况不同,希望通过一种模式来解决所有城市的垃圾问题,这是不现实的。

大城市与中小城市相比,垃圾产生量、运输距离、土地空间、经济基础都不同,需要进行有针对性的设计,将垃圾分类与后续环节统筹兼顾。比如,上海这种超级大城市,每天产生的垃圾量极大,对于难以资源化利用的垃圾,采用焚烧办法的费效比就很高;而在一些小城市,垃圾量比较少,也许采用填埋方式更合理。

 垃圾分类不能靠“搞运动”或“浅激励”推动

记者:目前,不少地方建立了垃圾分类的激励机制,比如设立绿色账户、环保档案等,以鼓励消费者参与垃圾分类,但实际效果并不明显,原因何在?

清华大学环境学院教授温宗国:这些年的国内实践证明,垃圾分类的可操作性不高以及常态化的前端管理机构缺位,自然难以推进;而以“搞运动”或“浅激励”的方式来推动,也难以持续和长久。

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