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复旦团队揭示神经退行性疾病的可能机制

2017-09-05 14:01:59   央广网

央广网上海9月5日消息(记者傅闻捷)近日,复旦大学生命科学学院鲁伯埙课题组利用点击化学与均相时间分辨荧光手段,建立了同一种疾病蛋白的不同构象与其降解速率的联系,从全新角度揭示了神经退行性疾病的可能机制。相关研究成果在线发表于《自然·化学生物学》(Nature Chemical Biology)。

大多数神经退行性疾病可能主要由特定致病蛋白质的“错误折叠”引起。蛋白质“正常折叠”出的三维结构由该蛋白质的氨基酸序列所决定,这被称为Anfinsen法则(Anfinsen’s Dogma),并获得1972年的诺贝尔奖。而该法则也是结构生物学的根本基础。神经退行性疾病的致病蛋白则往往会被“错误折叠”,形成寡聚体和不可溶性多聚体,并产生神经毒性,最终导致疾病。

然而,除了形成聚集体,疾病蛋白的可溶性单体是否也会违背Anfinsen法则,通过“错误折叠”产生多种不同的构象(多态性),进而产生不同的毒性并导致疾病发生,却未见报道,而这是关于疾病致病机制的根本性问题。

目前结构生物学的手段无法在细胞非变性条件下解析特定靶蛋白的精细结构,而体外条件下则无法获得蛋白折叠的各种构象,更加无法进一步解析各种构象可能的功能(毒性)差异。蛋白构象与蛋白毒性之间的关联很复杂,鲁伯埙课题组巧妙地以蛋白降解速率为全新的切入点进行研究。一方面,蛋白的构象很可能影响其降解速率,而同一细胞不同的降解速率则表征不同的蛋白构象。另一方面,蛋白降解是蛋白功能的终极调控。Finkbeiner实验室研究成果提示,疾病蛋白降解速率与其神经毒性呈非常显著的负相关,也即降解越慢,毒性越大。因此,蛋白降解速率可能是蛋白构象与毒性相关联的关键。

鲁伯埙课题组选择了引起重要遗传性神经退行性疾病亨廷顿病的变异亨廷顿蛋白(mHTT)为研究对象探索这个问题。亨廷顿病是四大神经退行性疾病之一,主要由疾病蛋白mHTT的神经毒性导致。mHTT由于突变,包含一段过长的多聚谷氨酰胺序列(polyQ),从而导致疾病。有趣的是,有间接证据表明,不同polyQ抗体识别的mHTT可能具有不同的毒性,但机制未知。鲁伯埙课题组建立了一种基于点击化学和均相时间分辨荧光的蛋白降解速率测量方法CH-chase,并成功利用该方法在病人的同一细胞样品中检测了不同polyQ抗体所识别的不同构象的mHTT的可溶性单体的降解速率。研究发现polyQ抗体3B5H10所识别的mHTT构象的降解速率明显低于其他polyQ抗体所识别的构象的降解速率,从而直接证明了不同polyQ类型的存在。进一步的机制研究发现病人细胞及大脑组织中,该构象的赖氨酸63型泛素化几乎缺失,因此无法被选择性自噬接头蛋白p62识别,从而无法被选择性自噬降解,从而降解速率减缓,导致较高毒性。

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