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一个人的乡村古桥调查

2017-08-19 14:16:18   中国青年网

新华社太原8月19日电题:一个人的乡村古桥调查

新华社记者 王学涛

还有两年就要退休的常亚平十分忙碌,因为他要实现一个目标:访遍山西全省乡村古桥。目前,他已走访了63座。

今年58岁的常亚平是山西省古建筑保护研究所的一名副研究员,出于对乡村古桥的热爱,十余年来,他利用节假日、双休日自费赴9个地市、39个县区的偏远山村进行乡村古桥调查。

山西作为中国古建筑大省,目前保留下来的乡村古桥约有100座。在常亚平走访的63座古桥中,金代古桥5座、明代古桥20座、清代古桥38座。在类型上,共有单孔实肩石拱桥、单孔敞肩石拱桥等12种。在材料使用上,分为石桥、砖桥、木梁桥、砖石混合桥、夯土桥等5种类型。

“多数桥梁构筑在河流或沟壑之上,便于乡民出行。还有的建在乡村之中,不仅满足通行所需,还美化了山村景观。”常亚平说。

最令他难忘的是沁源县灵空山的峦桥。这座桥全木结构搭建,横跨在山体悬崖上,桥体分为四层,之上加设桥廊,不仅雕有花卉、凤凰、卷草纹饰等,还集通行、观景、遮阳避雨为一体,非常实用。

由于山西乡村周边多为崎岖险峻的山间小路,小型桥梁取材方便、比较适宜建造。但常亚平说,他在吉县却看到了一座180米长的清代十二孔券洞式跨河石桥霖雨渡水桥。

“它像一条巨龙横跨在清水河上,河水穿越桥墩,像十二条云带点缀其中,气势恢宏。”常亚平说,桥面正中还建有一条水渠,集交通与水利两种功能于一体,这种巧妙的构筑手法非常罕见。

除了建在山间、河上的桥梁外,常亚平还发现一村之中建有三座古桥的景观性实例。在山西芮城县永乐镇窟垛村,北、中、南3座古桥把地势不平的小山村连接成为一个整体。

“它们不仅方便了老乡出行,还增加了山村的美丽景观,成为一幅迷人的画卷。”常亚平说。

根据常亚平的统计,目前山西境内约有20座古桥比较完整地保留着原来的装饰题材。其中,花卉、狮子、仙桃、石榴等吉祥喜庆的纹饰在不同时期均有出现,并且雕刻在醒目的望柱头上,是一种寓意,更是一种期盼。

“由于自然灾害、年久失修、拆旧建新等原因,很多古桥消失在人们的视线里,希望这次调查能唤起人们保护古桥的意识。”常亚平说,古桥不仅是古建筑的一个优美篇章,也是一抹抹浓浓的乡愁。

独行走三晋,“绘救”古建筑

连达当年21岁,拿着一个胶片傻瓜相机,面对那么多那么美的古建筑,总觉得看不够拍不够,于是就想画一画,这样起码可以多看一会儿。

踏遍山西画古建——18年来,这位定居大连的黑龙江人,背着一个大包,装着钢笔、画纸、夹板、折叠椅、衣物、雨伞,往往还有几包“太谷饼”。>>

安徽黟县黄村古建筑现状:很多处于“被遗弃”状态

作为千年古村落,黄村在经历了千年文化洗礼的同时也经历了千年风雨的磨砺。根据考察团统计,目前同属黄村的上门村、下门村两村,现存“进士第”“中宪第”等明清古建筑21处,占村中现有建筑总数的十分之一。但就其保护状况而言,这二十余幢古建筑中,除了被列为国家级文物保护单位的“进士第”得到较好的保护以外,其余古建筑的保护情况不容乐观。>>

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