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在沙漠里追水

2017-08-14 09:13:28   新华网

新华社乌鲁木齐8月14日电 题:在沙漠里追水

新华社记者 姜磊

“水头流到哪,我就追到哪。”指着流淌于库鲁克沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠之间的河道,新疆维吾尔自治区塔里木河大西海子水库管理站巡堤员麦麦提·亚森说。

42岁的麦麦提浓眉大眼、脸庞黝黑,典型的西北汉子模样,他出生在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地——若羌县新英苏村。近一个甲子前,他的祖辈则世世代代居住在6公里外的老英苏村。

来到老英苏村,一眼望去,到处都是残垣断壁,当年土坯垒起的房屋大都只剩半截,泛白的墙体让人不寒而栗。麦麦提指着其中一个院子对记者说:“这就是我们家的老宅子,当年村里有上百户人家在这里放牧、种地。”

“1959年,老英苏村最后一户人家也搬走了。”麦麦提告诉记者,当年不少村民搬到了新英苏村,他小的时候还有二三十户,现如今只有两三户常住。“1980年,新英苏村还建了一所小学;14年后,小学也搬走了。”

搬家,成了这片土地上的村民们半个多世纪以来最大的生活主题。而不得不搬的缘由,就是缺水——老塔河断流了。

1959年,流经英苏村的老塔河断流,下游上百公里之外的塔里木河“尾闾”台特玛湖日渐干涸,河道两岸胡杨林大片枯死。被绿色走廊分隔的两大沙漠——库鲁克沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠,在随后的几十年内不断从南北两个方向相向推进。最为严重时,沿河而建的218国道190多处路段被流沙掩埋,具有战略意义的下游绿色走廊濒临毁灭。

2001年6月,国务院批复《塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划报告》,投资107.39亿元,挽救塔里木河下游地区的生态危机。截至目前,新疆连续18次向塔里木河下游输水,干涸了几十年的台特玛湖碧波万顷再现,最大时形成了260多平方公里的湖面,成群的野鸭在湖面上游弋。

干了15年巡堤员的麦麦提的主要工作,就是在塔里木河上游放水至大西海子水库时,骑上越野摩托车从水库出发,沿下游河道查看水头的“行踪”。麦麦提说,以前每年放水,从大西海子水库需要25天左右才能到下游363公里的台特玛湖,今年10多天就到了。“现在每隔四五十公里就有信号塔,拿出手机随时向站里报告水情。”

“草鳖子,小心!”说话间,麦麦提已把爬到记者衣服上的一个草鳖子(蜱虫)弹到了地上,小蜱虫如螃蟹般迅速爬走。几分钟不到,又一只爬在记者身上的蜱虫被麦麦提发现。“现在这个季节,胡杨林和红柳树下的草鳖子很多。这东西致命,注意千万别让它钻进身体里。”麦麦提一边安慰记者,一边告诉记者被咬了该怎么处置。

半个小时内,先后有5只蜱虫从脚底爬到记者身上。看着略显窘态的记者,麦麦提笑着说:“蜱虫多了,说明我们这儿的生态越来越好了。”

相比让记者手足无措的蜱虫,对麦麦提来说,最大的危险不是这些致命的虫子,而是在河道上骑摩托车追水。“塔里木河是‘无缰的野马’,自然河道很多,冲到哪是哪,所以根本就没有路。”麦麦提说,今年4月份,他沿河道骑行翻越一个大沙包时,没注意到沙包前还有一个大坑,连人带车直接栽了进去。摩托车排气管烫得很,把他腿上的皮都烫掉了,现在腿上还有痕迹。“叫天天不应,叫地地不灵,幸好伤得不重。只能自己爬起来,骑上摩托车继续前进。”

“现在条件好多了,沿途每隔几十公里就有我们的站点,天黑了就骑到临近站点休息,第二天一大早再出发。”跨上心爱的越野摩托车,麦麦提又头顶灼热的太阳,呼啸而去。

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