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武汉中院认可并执行美国法庭判决 系全国首次!

2017-09-14 13:47:36   中国青年网

但这种"人家承认我们才承认"的逻辑受到了不少质疑,因为这种认定方式实际上将互惠原则变成了"外国优先给惠原则"。事实上,如果两国法院都等待对方先迈出一步,"互惠"永远不会发生。更何况,外国法院未先给惠的原因很有可能是因为该国未发生过此类案件,而非根据该国法律,对我国生效判决裁定一概不予承认。如因此认为双方无互惠关系,难言公平。

我国司法实践采取这种态度是有历史原因的。在我国改革开放初期,率先"走出去"的企业主要是国有企业,为避免在不了解外国法律制度的情况下造成国有资产的重大流失,采用"事实互惠"的标准对抗外国法院判决裁定的效力,以保护国企利益,颇有无奈之处。但在"一带一路"战略背景下,"事实互惠"的标准已经显得有些不合时宜。

理论上,除"事实互惠"标准外,"法律互惠"是一种更为积极的互惠标准。该标准要求,法院在审理"互惠案件"时,需要审查外国法律是否规定该国法院可以按照互惠原则承认执行别国判决。如该国法律存在此类规定,则比较该国承认条件与本国法院承认条件。如果该国条件与本国相同或更为宽松,则可以认定为符合互惠原则的要求。

例如,德国柏林高等法院在承认我国无锡市中院作出的判决时曾指出,由于中国法律在按照互惠原则承认外国法院判决问题上,仅以不得违反中国法律基本原则和重大利益作为决绝承认执行的实质要件,该标准比德国法更为宽松。因此,在无锡市中院作出的生效判决未违反德国法律基本原则和重大利益的情况下,应当按照互惠原则承认中国法院的判决效力。

事实上,"法律互惠"标准对承认条件宽松的国家是有利的,因为即使外国法院承认过本国法院判决,本国法院依然可以以外国承认条件更为严苛为由,拒绝承认该国判决。

综上,笔者认为,在目前对如何理解和把握"互惠原则"缺乏相关国家规定的现实下,外国法院曾作出过承认我国法院判决的裁定无疑是最为充分的事实证据。但如果外国法院确实未实际作出过相关裁定,申请人律师也不必过于灰心,应当积极收集证据,按照"法律互惠"的标准构建法庭逻辑,争取法院支持。毕竟,最高院复函的法律效力有限,而且法律政策环境已经发生了明显变化。推翻最高院此前的观点,存在现实可能性。

具体而言,申请人律师需要证明,根据该国法律规定,该国法院可以按照互惠原则承认执行我国法院作出的生效判决,且该国承认条件与我国相比相同或更为宽松。此外,如该国法律规定的承认条件更为严格,律师也可以从该国给惠存在事实可能性,但未发生实际案例的角度进行论证,证明向该国法院申请承认执行我国法院作出的生效判决存在重大可能,并提出该国承认其他国家判决的具有先例性或示范性的案例(通常为最高法院或高等法院作出)作为佐证,以最大限度争取我国法院的支持。

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