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央视曝光电磁弹射 已与美国达到同期发展水平(图)

2017-07-10 14:31:38   北晚新视觉网

第4类

电磁弹射器:未来的大趋势

由于蒸汽弹射器存在体积庞大、运行维护成本高、消耗大量蒸汽等缺陷,因此军事领域又盯上了新的弹射器,即电磁弹射器。

所谓电磁弹射器,简单说就是利用电磁感应力进行弹射的装置。它分为两种:电磁线圈弹射器及电磁轨道弹射器,分别采用交流直线电机和直流直线电机。

事实上电磁弹射的研究非常早,早在40年代,美国海军即进行了相关研究。然而当时技术不成熟,研发成本高,故而很快就被放弃了。到70年代末,随着舰载机的重量和速度不断增加,蒸汽弹射器逐渐不能满足需求,美军又从1978年重新开始对电磁弹射器进行开发。2013年,新一代核动力航母“福特”号服役,上面就采用了电磁弹射器。

电磁弹射器包括强迫储能装置、大功率电力控制设备、中央微机工控控制及直线感应电机等。其中最核心的是强迫储能装置,可将发电机在一个周期(约45秒)内发出的能量积蓄起来用于一次猛烈的弹射。据估计,最大的舰载机起飞需要消耗的能量不超过120M焦耳,而功率4M瓦的充电设备则能在这段时间积蓄140M焦耳(存在消耗)以上的能量。福特级航母拥有四部电磁弹射系统,同时充电时总功率可达16兆瓦,再加上升降机以及未来的电磁轨道炮、激光,航母总功率可能需要60兆瓦以上。

相比蒸汽弹射器,电磁弹射器有许多优点:首先能简化舰上的维修工作,据估计可以比蒸汽弹射器节省劳动力成本30%以上。其次,电磁弹射器的精度高,对于弹射力量的控制,仅仅需要通过控制电流大小就能做到,这显然比改变蒸汽流的强弱要便捷多了,它使航母能方便弹射从轻型到重型飞机。还有,电磁弹射器的重量和体积大约只有蒸汽弹射器的一半。此外,电磁弹射器与未来海军的“全电力系统”能更好融合,将弹射器的控制对接到全舰的其他动力系统中,便于统一操纵。蒸汽弹射器的极限弹射能量不到100M焦,而电磁弹射器则可以达到122M焦,从而突破了前者的瓶颈。

此外,电磁弹射器能与滑跃式的甲板巧妙融合,这样,既拥有弹射力,又能享受滑跃式起飞的好处。当然,电磁弹射器也有一些缺点。高功率电磁电动机会产生电子干扰,而高速旋转的机械也对材料的刚性提出更高要求。

其他弹射器

五花八门各有利弊

除了普遍采用的蒸汽弹射器和方兴未艾的电磁弹射器,还有其他各种弹射器的概念。由于种种原因,这些概念并未投入使用。

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