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央视曝光电磁弹射 已与美国达到同期发展水平(图)

2017-07-10 14:31:38   北晚新视觉网

弹簧复力弹射器:堪称是最“质朴”的弹射器。它直接用一个大号弹簧,在通过电动机压缩后,再猛然释放,把飞机弹出去,使之获得加速。但这种超强弹簧对材质的要求太严苛了,要实现精准度难度也很大。另一个弊端是,弹簧在最初弹出的那一瞬间,冲力最大,对飞机而言相当于静止时受到一个猛烈的加速度,对飞机和飞行员都是巨大的考验。

势能弹射器:势能弹射器类似一个斜坡,先通过升降机等将飞机运至坡顶,然后将飞机从坡顶“推”下来,使得其受到重力和发动机推力的合力,产生更大加速度。这种弹射器技术成份很低,而且弹力释放非常均匀。然而为此必须造一个很大的坡面,在航母甲板上高高凸起,影响风阻、隐形和防卫等各项指标,而且使用效率较低。

燃气弹射器:在结构上与蒸汽弹射器相似,只不过推动活塞的不是水蒸气,而是猛烈燃烧产生的气体。相比蒸汽弹射器,它不需要消耗大量的淡水,然而燃烧却对设备产生了更高的要求,如耐高温、防氧化、坚固程度等。同时,燃烧这种化学反应比水的汽化更加危险,还要消耗价格昂贵的化学燃料,故障率高,污染严重。最初美国海军试图以此作为航母弹射器,但最终还是选择了蒸汽弹射器。

火箭助推弹射器:就是在舰载机发动时,用火箭助推器提供额外推力,飞机起飞后,火箭助推器再脱落。该方案的结构非常简单,然而如何处理助推器却是大难题。如果采用一次性的,价格太贵;如果采用反复使用的,那每次起飞都需要把掉入海中的助推器捞起来。此外,助推器本身喷出的高温射流也会对航母设施和人员造成威胁。郑文浩

航母拦阻:

生命的羁绊

相对于起飞的种种难题,飞机降落的技术方案要简单一点,就是在航母上设置一些拦阻设备,当高速行驶的飞机即将降落时,通过甲板上的拦阻设备“拖拽”住飞机尾部的钩子原因速度迅速降低。当然,拦阻索不能简单只是一根钢筋把飞机拦住就好,这样会直接把高速降落的飞机拽坏。事实上,拦阻索两头连接的是复杂的阻力产生装置,在被飞机“绊住”后逐渐产生阻力,最终把飞机拉住。

美国海军备有4道拦阻索,彼此间隔14米左右,要求飞行员最好在1、2道之间降落。如果4道拦阻索都没能钩住飞机,那么飞机可以就势重新起飞,再来一次。当前,拦阻索的普遍阻拦装置是水蒸气,而在福特级航母上,则由靠电磁力进行拦阻。来源:北京晚报作者郑文浩

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