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央视曝光电磁弹射 已与美国达到同期发展水平(图)

2017-07-10 14:31:38   北晚新视觉网

蒸汽弹射器原理看似简单,其技术要求却很高。核心是高温高压材料,各个部分都要频繁承受髙温高压蒸汽的冲击,如何保证各系统在这样严酷的环境下稳定工作就是最大的难题。此外,蒸汽弹射机要消耗大量的淡水。美军航母弹射一架飞机,要消耗一吨淡水,这也会对舰上系统造成不小负担。此外,现在美军的蒸汽弹射器的长度和气缸容积几乎达到极限,很难再提高能量,这就无法满足未来更重的舰载机。

我国辽宁舰的甲板上,也能看到试验性的弹射装置。不过,由于最初辽宁舰的前身瓦良格号并未预留弹射器的空间,故而要在辽宁舰上装弹射器,改动工程过大,甚至影响整个舰体的稳定性。因此,目前辽宁舰还是单纯的滑跃起飞模式。

第3类

滑跃起飞

大众化解决方案

对于普通舰载机,更普遍的解决方案,是滑跃式起飞。这种起飞采用的甲板称为“滑跃式甲板”。相比二战中的平直甲板,“滑跃式甲板”最大的特征是甲板前部有一个向上的坡度,也就是俗称的“翘头”。这样,舰载机在“翘头”上以向上倾斜的角度起飞。

相对过去的平直甲板起飞,滑跃起飞能在两方面进行了优化:首先,滑跃式甲板使战机本身有个向上的角度,即机翼与水平面形成的仰角更大。这样实际上可以增大空气阻力产生的升力分量,使得飞机更容易获得足够的升力腾空;其次,滑跃式甲板使得飞机发动机产生的速度也有一个向上的分量,等于在离舰的一瞬间是被“斜向上抛出”,这也使得离舰后获得更多的加速起飞时间。

制作滑跃式甲板的技术门槛没有那么高。当然,滑跃起飞也对战机提出了更高的要求,需要战机的发动机具有很强的推动力,在短时间、短距离内推动战机达到起飞速度。不过这一点对于现代技术来说较为容易。

滑跃起飞的典型代表,便是前苏联生产的库兹涅佐夫号航空母舰。而库兹涅佐夫号航空母舰的“姊妹舰”瓦良格号,也就是我国现役航母“辽宁”舰,也是安装的滑跃式甲板。歼-15在辽宁舰上起飞的矫健身影,想必很多朋友都会印象深刻。

滑跃起飞虽然技术难度较低,然而同时存在瓶颈:在战机滑行距离一定的情况下,由于最终速度有限,单纯依靠增加甲板仰角,对升力提升也有限。当战机重量过大时,凭借现有甲板长度,单靠发动力加速,难以获得足够的升力。因此,目前歼-15在辽宁舰上的起飞,还不能做到全负载,即不能完全满载武器、弹药、油量起飞,必须卸下一部分燃料或武器弹药。这对于歼-15在远洋的实战是一个制约。

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