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央视曝光电磁弹射 已与美国达到同期发展水平(图)

2017-07-10 14:31:38   北晚新视觉网

其次,垂直起降能够承受的重量也有限,为了垂直起降,必须大幅削减战斗机的载弹量,从而影响战斗力。还有,垂直起降的操作难度很大,容易发生事故。英国在马岛战争时有5架垂直起降战斗机就是因为操作失误坠毁的。而发动机在全负荷运转的时候,也可能因为细小颗粒被吸入发动机而发生事故,维护压力比普通固定翼飞机要大。

因此,垂直起降是以削弱战机实力来达到的甲板要求低,只能算权宜之计。

第2类

蒸汽弹射器:半个世纪的光荣

为了让舰载机在短短一百多米里达到足够的升力,最基本的思路,就是通过航母自带的装置,在飞机发动机加速的同时,为飞机提供一个额外的推力。这就是所谓的航母弹射器。目前世界范围内使用较为成熟的弹射器是蒸汽弹射器。它也是目前西方航空母舰的主流弹射设备。

最早的蒸汽弹射,是英国海军航空兵后备队司令米切尔在1951年率先研制成功的,装备在海军“莫仙座”号航空母舰上。此后,美国海军购买了这项专利,并研制成熟,成为美国、英国、法国等航母的标准配置。俄罗斯航母研发较为滞后,但也在1982年开始蒸汽弹射器的研究。预计在90年代服役的“乌里扬诺夫斯克级”核动力航母就安装有蒸汽弹射器,可惜这一款航母随着苏联的解体而夭折。

蒸汽弹射的基本原理,和弹弓差不多。在战机起飞前,用位持器钢圈“拽住”战机的尾部,前轮附近的牵引杆则用“滑梭”钩住。战机前面的甲板下则有两个平行圆筒,每个至少长45米,筒中的活塞连接滑梭。蒸汽则由母舰上的锅炉输出,在增压后输入滑梭。

舰载机起飞时,开足马力,同时蒸汽弹射器启动。发动机加上蒸汽压力,形成可怕的推力。而与此同时,飞机尾部又被钢圈拽住。这样相持片刻,当巨大的推力终于拉断钢圈的时候,就好像玩弹弓的孩子松开皮筋,飞机以极大的加速度往前猛冲。短短45米内,时速能达到250公里,从而弹射起飞。

以上说的是前轮弹射器。目前全世界只有美国具备生产这种弹射器的成熟技术。另一种是拖索式弹射,就是用钢质拖索牵引飞机加速起飞,这种弹射方式比较老,性能也不好,只有巴西的“圣保罗”号航空母舰使用。

蒸汽弹射器至今使用已经超过半个世纪,也存在缺陷。首先是蒸汽弹射器的维护工作量很大,据报道,单纯的维护、运转蒸汽弹射器的费用,就占到了整个航母全部设备维护资金的80%!而美军一艘核动力航母上,需要整整500人来专门维护运转蒸汽弹射器。

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