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央视曝光电磁弹射 已与美国达到同期发展水平(图)

2017-07-10 14:31:38   北晚新视觉网

众所周知,固定翼飞机是依靠高速行驶,产生空气升力抵消重力,才能翱翔长空。随着军事科技的进步,喷气式战斗机加载的各式先进装备越来越多,重量也就节节攀升。要让这么个大块头飞上天,除了优化气动力布局外,一个最根本的手段就是增加速度。现在问题来了。更快的飞行速度,意味着飞机需要在地面行驶更多的时间、更长的距离。在地面上还好说,无非把机场跑道延长,五百米不够就一千米。然而在海上,航母的甲板不能无限延长,甲板太长,既增加舰体负担,又容易损坏,目标还大。

二战时期日本的“零式”战斗机,其全重不到2.7吨,速度不过500多公里,在顶风起飞时只需要70米的跑道距离;但美军的四代机F-18,要求的最大起飞重量已为20多吨,最高时速达到1800公里。而美国现役航母的主力“尼米兹”级航母,与二战日本航母“赤城号”的甲板长度差不多,都是200多米。这就意味着,海军航空兵们必须用差不多长度的甲板,去对付快得多的速度。怎样让如此快的飞机在如此短的甲板上顺利起飞、降落,成为无数军方科学家绞尽脑汁的问题。

第1类

舰载机垂直起降:只能算权宜之计

解决航母起飞、降落问题的一种终极思路,是把舰载机改为“垂直起落”战斗机,使得它们只需要很短的甲板距离就可以起飞、降落。最典型的当然是直升飞机。直升飞机别说航母甲板,就算是巡洋舰、驱逐舰的甲板也能轻而易举地起降。然而直升机本身的特性,决定其速度、航程和战斗力都远不如固定翼飞机。

更先进的方案便是在固定翼飞机上加装垂直起降发动机。起降时,通过垂直发动机产生直接向下的推力。这样,无须以太高的水平速度产生升力,就能实现短距离的起飞降落。垂直起降战斗机的技术从20世纪50年即开始研发,目前各大强国都有涉及。

例如,60年代法国的幻影III-V型战机,在具备垂直起降的同时,其最高速度突破了2倍音速,这至今仍然是垂直起降飞机的纪录;英国的“鹞式”和“海鹞式”战斗机,参加过著名的马岛战争;美国的AV-8参与过海湾战争和科索沃战争,而新近服役的F-35更是唯一一款具备垂直起降功能的五代机。

不过,垂直起降战斗机尽管对甲板要求大幅度缩小,却也存在明显的弊端。首先是太费油。垂直起降这种模式,生生用向下的推进力来代替重力,油耗极高,多达三分之一的油料都要用在垂直起飞,这就大大减小了飞机的航程和作战半径。

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