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企业破产法实施十周年:先“破”后立 浴火重生

2017-06-15 11:13:24   光明日报

中核钛白转型的案例,就是破产重整制度成功运用的范例。因金融危机而陷入困境的美国通用公司、克莱斯勒公司,最终也都是通过破产重整制度获得新生。

“破产重整制度对于挽救困境企业发挥了重要作用,但也还有改进的空间。”徐阳光认为,从理念上,必须确立重整制度仅限于挽救有再建价值的企业,对于确无挽救希望的市场主体,就得依法清算退出,不能为了重整而重整,以避免掠夺式重整、程序空转式重整等现象。

徐阳光指出,在制度规则方面,还需进一步细化法院强制批准重整计划的判断标准,尽快构建预重整制度、完善债务人自行管理制度,对重整模式、重整期间的治理结构、关联企业实质合并重整等问题进行研究,并制定相应规则。

3、构建专门机构:实现破产审判专业化

根据破产法规定,企业重整、和解或者破产清算的申请必须向人民法院提出,由法院裁定是否受理。法院受理后,重整、和解和清算将在法院主持下进行。

“破产审判的核心任务是通过依法审理破产案件,实现对债权人的公平有序清偿和对债务人正当权益的合理保护,进而实现对社会整体利益与经济秩序的维护。”北京市第一中级人民法院院长吴在存强调。

矛盾叠加审理难度加大,审理周期拉长,是当前破产审判中存在的突出问题。吴在存介绍,在该院前期所审理的政策性破产案件中,平均审理时间为463天,后期市场化破产案件逐渐增多,该类案件平均审理时间达到1197天;审理过程中存在资产及负债清理困难、资产处置和变现困难等问题。

成熟的管理人队伍尚未建立,也加重了法院的监督指导责任。吴在存指出,市场化破产案件主要通过摇号指定中介机构担任管理人,而部分管理人接触破产案件数量较少、专业知识不足、经验积累不够;管理人选任渠道单一,相应的培训、分级管理以及报酬保障制度不健全,也影响了管理人团队建设和积极性的发挥。

“破产审判亟须通过完善专门审判机构的规划和设置,来实现破产审判职能的专业化和明晰化,解决破产审判缺乏激励机制等基础问题,推动破产审判快速发展。”吴在存介绍,2016年,最高法院加快推动中级法院建立清算与破产审判庭的工作。北京一中院去年9月成立破产案件专业审判庭以来,专业化审判效果初步显现。

吴在存建议,进一步完善“僵尸企业”识别机制,对产能落后、人去楼空的“三无企业”和复兴无望的“僵尸企业”,尽快进入破产清算程序;实行案件“繁简分流”机制,努力促进快审快结;大力提升破产审判信息化水平,加强破产管理人培训管理等。

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