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企业破产法实施十周年:先“破”后立 浴火重生

2017-06-15 11:13:24   光明日报

在成绩有目共睹的同时,破产法实施过程中暴露出来的一些问题也引发了广泛关注。

“立法之初,本以为随着破产原因的放宽、管理人制度和重整制度等市场化破产制度的确立,破产案件数量会呈现急速增长的趋势,但实际情况却有些事与愿违。”徐阳光说。

从数据来看,破产法实施后,全国破产案件受理数量不但没有增加,反而连续下降。2006年,全国法院受理的破产案件为4253件,而2007年以来,破产案件数量却逐渐下降至每年两三千件,2015年更降低至一千余件,与每年吊销、无营业公司的数量相比很不匹配。李曙光介绍,美国法院近年来每年受理的破产案件均超过100万件,西欧发达国家破产案件数量也基本稳定在每年17万件以上。

不过,随着对破产制度在清理和处置“僵尸企业”、推动供给侧结构性改革等方面功能认识的深化和重视,2016年以来,破产案件有增多趋势。

据统计,2016年全国法院共受理企业破产案件5665件,同比上升53.8%;审结企业破产案件3602件,同比上升60.6%,全国破产案件立案受理数量明显上升。

“实际上,破产是市场经济竞争规律之下的正常现象,一个正常的市场经济,必须优胜劣汰,有进有出,而破产就是最为规范的市场退出途径。”徐阳光表示,只有确立宽容失败的文化理念,实现破产审判的常态化,为市场主体的退出提供通畅的途径,才能构建一个更加健全、健康的市场经济体制,更好地鼓励创业和投资。

2、破产重整:助困境企业“涅槃重生”

实际上,破产法除了规定破产清算制度,对“僵尸企业”“失败企业”依法予以破产,促其有序退出市场外,还规定了破产重整制度及破产和解制度,这三项制度也被称为现代企业破产制度的三大基石。

在破产重整程序中,司法机关可以更早地介入和挽救困境企业,避免企业因“病入膏肓”而“无力回天”。破产和解制度则更加注重通过债权人与债务人的协商,减免债务数额及延缓债务履行期限,使债务人摆脱经济困难,避免破产。

根据我国破产法规定,企业进行破产重整的条件比破产清算更为宽松。除了司法机关可以更早介入外,徐阳光介绍,“濒危”企业一旦进入破产重整程序,所有附利息的债权停止计算利息,所有保全措施和执行程序都要中止,担保物权人在重整期间暂停行权,战略投资者进入重整程序、债务重组和营业重整并重,这都是破产清算无法比拟的制度优势。

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