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清华科学家首次体外培养人卵泡样细胞 助力研究不孕

2017-06-13 16:49:31   新华社

在体外成功培育出人的类精子细胞后,纪家葵团队想了解人的卵巢、卵泡是否也能在体外培育。

“卵泡是由一个卵母细胞和周围许多颗粒细胞所组成。在体外诱导分化时,能否也产生颗粒细胞?我们一开始担心不能成功。”纪家葵说。

这其中,寻找到促进卵泡发育的生长因子非常关键。科学家发现,人体内每一个发育阶段都有很多不同的生长因子发挥重要作用。在细胞培养中什么阶段添加哪些生长因子,添加的时间和浓度是多少,这些都需要一点点尝试。

“我们比较幸运,试了四五种不同的生长因子,就找到了GDF9与BMP15生长因子的组合。”纪家葵的好运还包括他在一次香港的学术会议中,遇到了一位美国研究生殖发育的专家。他对纪家葵的研究很感兴趣,并提供了他们实验室生产的生长因子,比纪家葵团队原先使用的效果更好,提高了实验效率。

实验人员在观察显微镜下的胚胎干细胞。记者喻菲摄

经过一年多的尝试,纪家葵团队成功地在显微镜下,观察到由胚胎干细胞培养出的颗粒细胞从单层生长到多层,包裹着卵母样细胞,就像许多士兵围绕着皇后。

获得了这些细胞,只完成了研究的三分之一。课题组又花了约三年时间用分子生物学、基因组学等很多指标验证培养出的细胞到底是不是卵泡。

“我们使用了所有能使用的科学指标进行对比,这些体外培养出的细胞与体内细胞非常接近,但我们还只能称其为卵泡样细胞或类卵泡细胞。下一步,我们希望将实验的效率提高一个数量级,获得更多的卵泡样细胞,还希望培养出更成熟的有腔卵泡,验证它们是否具有卵子的功能。”纪家葵说。

帮助不孕不育的病人,是这个课题组的最终目标。“有些女性在35岁前就绝经了,不能生育后代,如何去帮助这些卵巢早衰的病人呢?我们或许能通过体外生殖细胞实验,研究是否是某种基因突变造成了不孕,这样就可以用医学手段去帮助这些病人,有针对性地研发药物。”纪家葵说。如果能在体外培养出成熟的精子、卵子,也能帮助那些完全不能产生精子或卵子的病人。

此外,纪家葵课题组还正在天舟一号货运飞船上,开展微重力条件下人胚胎干细胞分化为生殖细胞的实验,研究太空环境对人类生殖的影响,探索人类在太空生育后代的可能性。

责任编辑:杨晓晨 CN067
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