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最高人民检察院公诉厅负责人就于欢案答记者问

2017-05-28 09:43:48   高人民检察院(北京)

4.从防卫对象看,于欢是针对不法侵害人本人进行的反击。针对不法侵害人本人实施防卫行为,这是正当防卫的对象性条件。这里的不法侵害人本人,是指不法侵害的实施者和共犯。本案中,于欢持刀捅刺的对象,包括了杜志浩、程学贺、严建军、郭彦刚四人。在案证据证实,这四人均属于参与违法讨债、涉嫌非法拘禁犯罪的共同行为人,杜志浩还在非法拘禁过程中实施了污秽语言辱骂和暴露阴部、扇拍于欢面部等严重侮辱行为。虽然目前没有证据证实严建军、郭彦刚、程学贺三人对于欢母子有言语侮辱和暴力殴打行为,但他们围挡在于欢身边且在杜志浩被捅刺后仍然没有走开,同样限制了于欢的人身自由,于欢为制止不法侵害而捅刺的四人,均是不法侵害人。

5.从防卫结果看,明显超过必要限度,造成重大损害。不能明显超过必要限度造成重大损害,这是正当防卫的适度性条件,也是区分防卫适当与防卫过当的重要标准。衡量必要限度时必须结合不法侵害的行为性质、行为强度和可能造成的危害后果等进行综合考量,既不能简单以结果论,也不能一出现死伤结果就认定是防卫过当。本案中,于欢的行为具有防卫的性质,采取的反制行为明显超出必要限度且造成了伤亡后果,应当认定为防卫过当。首先,于欢不具备特殊防卫的前提条件。刑法第20条第3款规定的特殊防卫,其适用前提是防卫人针对严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪的加害人而实施防卫行为。本案中,虽然于欢母子的人身自由权遭受限制乃至剥夺、人格尊严权遭受言行侮辱侵犯、身体健康权遭受轻微暴力侵犯,但直至民警出警后均未遭遇任何针对生命权严重不法侵害,因而不具有实施特殊防卫的前提。其所采取的防卫行为是否正当,不得适用特殊防卫阻却刑事责任的法定评判标准。其次,本案属于违法逼债激发的防卫案件。本案中,杜志浩等人的目的就是把钱要回,手段相对克制,没有暴力殴打于欢母子的意思和行为;讨债一方(李忠)对杜志浩脱裤暴露下体的行为给予了制止;当于欢捅刺杜志浩、程学贺后,严建军、郭彦刚、么传行等人围站在于欢身边,也没有明显的暴力攻击。最后,防卫行为与不法侵害相比明显不相适应。本案中,于欢为了制止不法侵害,摆脱困境,使用致命性工具刺向加害人,造成一死、二重伤、一轻伤的后果,其行为结果明显属于“重大损害”。从不法侵害行为看,虽然加害人人数众多但未使用工具,未进行严重暴力攻击,于欢身上伤情甚至未达到轻微伤程度;从防卫紧迫性看,出警民警已到场,虽然离开接待室,但仍在源大公司院内寻找报警人、了解情况,从接待室可以清晰看到门前警车及警灯闪烁;从防卫行为保护的法益与造成结果体现的法益衡量看,要保护的是人身自由和人格尊严,造成结果体现的法益是生命健康,两者相比不相适应。从防卫行为使用的工具、致伤部位、捅刺强度及后果综合衡量看,于欢使用的是长26厘米的单刃刀,致伤部位为杜志浩身体的要害部位(肝脏),捅刺强度深达15厘米,造成1死2重伤1轻伤的严重后果,其防卫行为“明显超过必要限度”。

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