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最高人民检察院公诉厅负责人就于欢案答记者问
2017-05-28 09:43:48 高人民检察院(北京)
1.从防卫意图看,于欢的捅刺行为是为了保护本人及其母亲合法的权益而实施的。为了保护合法的权益,这是正当防卫的目的性条件。合法的权益,并不限于生命健康,还包括人身自由、人格尊严等其他合法权益。本案中,于欢在认识到自己和母亲的人身自由、人格尊严受到严重不法侵害、人身安全受到严重威胁的情况下,持刀捅刺杜志浩等人的行为,正是为了保护自己和母亲的人身自由、人格尊严、人身安全等合法权益免受不法侵害而实施的。一审判决书认为,“对方均未有人使用工具、派出所已经出警、其生命健康权被侵犯的现实危险性较小”,这一法律评价虽关注到生命健康权,但忽视了对于欢及其母亲人身自由、人格尊严等合法权益的保护,是对正当防卫保护对象的错误理解。
2.从防卫起因看,本案存在持续性、复合性、严重性的现实不法侵害。针对不法侵害行为才能实施防卫,这是正当防卫的前提条件。这里的不法侵害,既可以是犯罪行为,也可以是一般违法行为,包括对非法拘禁,公民可以进行防卫。本案中,杜志浩等人并不是苏银霞高利贷借款的直接债权人,而是被赵荣荣纠集前去违法讨债。对讨债一方的不法侵害行为,必须整体把握。在案证据证实,讨债方存在持续进行的严重不法侵害行为,按时间顺序可分三个阶段:一是2016年4月1日赵荣荣等人非法侵入于欢家住宅、4月13日擅自将于欢住宅家电等物品搬运至源大公司堆放,吴学占将苏银霞头部强行按入马桶;二是2016年4月14日下午至当晚民警处警,讨债方采取盯守、围困等行为限制剥夺于欢、苏银霞人身自由,实施辱骂、脱裤暴露下体在苏银霞面前摆动侮辱等严重侵害于欢、苏银霞人格尊严的行为,采用扇拍于欢面颊、揪抓于欢头发、按压于欢不准起身等行为侵害于欢人身权利,收走于欢、苏银霞的手机,阻断其与外界的联系,在源大公司办公楼门厅前烧烤饮酒扰乱企业生产秩序;三是从处警民警离开接待室至于欢持刀捅刺之前,讨债方持续阻止于欢、苏银霞离开接待室,强迫于欢坐下,并将于欢推搡至接待室东南角。这三个阶段的多种不法侵害行为,具有持续性且不断升级,已经涉嫌非法拘禁违法犯罪和对人身的侵害行为。面对这些严重的不法侵害行为,于欢为了制止这些不法侵害,反击围在其身边正在实施不法侵害的加害人,完全具有防卫的前提。聊城市检察院起诉书没有认定作为防卫起因,聊城市中级法院一审判决书认为“不存在正当防卫意义的不法侵害前提”,是错误的。
3.从防卫时间看,于欢的行为是针对正在进行的不法侵害实施的。防卫适时,是正当防卫的时间性条件。本案中,处警民警离开接待室是案件的转折点。民警处警本应使事态缓和,不法侵害得到有效制止。但在案证据证实,杜志浩一方对于欢的不法侵害行为,没有因为民警出警得到控制和停止,相反又进一步升级。在苏银霞、于欢急于随民警离开接待室时,杜志浩一方为不让于欢离开,对于欢又实施了勒脖子、按肩膀等强制行为,并将于欢强制推搡到接待室的东南角,使于欢处于更加孤立无援的状态。于欢持刀捅刺杜志浩等人时,不法侵害的现实危险性不仅存在,而且不断累积升高,于欢面对的境况更加危险。如果他不持刀制止杜志浩一方的不法侵害,他遭受的侵害行为将会更加严重。于欢在持刀发出警告无效后,捅刺了围在身边的人。一审判决书认定“不存在防卫的紧迫性”,显然是对矛盾激化的原因作出了错误的判断,这也是在认定事实不全面情况下得出的错误认定。
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