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王贻芳再谈大型对撞机:让中国成世界第一的政治决定

2016-10-22 10:49:15   

王贻芳:我们规划的大型对撞机项目(以周长为100公里算)分两步走:第一步正负电子对撞机(CEPC)阶段,约在2022-2030年间,工程造价(不包括土地、“七通一平”等)约300亿人民币。如果这第一步成功,有新物理的迹象,且新型超导材料技术成熟,价格合适(比如20元/千安米),我们可以走第二步:质子对撞阶段(SPPC),工程造价约为1000亿人民币。这第二步是在2040年左右。这里如果减去国际贡献约30%,中国政府应该出资大约300亿和700亿。

这里的第一阶段科学意义重大,方案基本成型,百亿量级的造价能够承受,已值得支持。第二阶段说明了这个方案还有更长远的科学寿命,不仅预留了未来发展的可能性,还可以带动更重要的技术发展(如高温超导),是对第一阶段科学及技术意义的一个补充。

在过去50年间,国际上曾有许多不成功的加速器工程(超支、延期、不达指标等)。但基本上都是质子加速器,电子对撞机还没有不成功的先例。这主要是其技术成熟,不确定因素少。为汲取教训,我们在第二阶段上马前,要做仔细评估,切忌匆忙。

►《知识分子》:1991年美国开始建设SSC项目,却最终在已经花费20亿美元的情况下流产,你对此有何看法

王贻芳:美国SSC失败的原因有很多,包括当时的政府赤字且与国际空间站争夺经费、美国的两党政治斗争、德克萨斯与其它地区的区域竞争,还有管理不善、预算错误、造价飙升、国际合作不够等。具体分析及历史资料见参考文献【2,3】。其实“预算超支”绝不是SSC失败的主要原因,而是有其特殊及偶然原因,主要是政治因素。

对美国来说SSC半途下马是一个极为错误的决定,它使美国的高能物理研究失去了发现希格斯粒子的机会,失去了未来发展的基础和机遇,失去了国际领导地位,到现在还没有翻身。这个决定对美国的大科学研究产生了极为负面的影响,并使一代美国人失去了梦想的勇气。

当年美国科学界反对SSC的理由跟我们今天在中国听到的有很多相似的地方。事实上SSC的终止并没有让任何科学家获得经费的增加,当然SSC的启动也没有减少任何人的经费,很多当年反对的人后来也后悔了。

在此之后欧洲建造了大型强子对撞机(LHC),获得了极大的成功。虽有超支,但并不是太多。说明大型加速器并不一定是“无底洞”,是可以成功的。

中国的政治与美国完全不同,对大工程建设实际上有其优越性,偶然性较小。今天的中国已经干了很多美国人不干、或干不了的事,未来这样的事还会有。SSC失败,不代表我们就不能建造大型加速器。我们应该要科学仔细地分析,同时要做好国际合作,做好管理,控制预算。

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