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北京拟将霾纳入气象灾害 专家:别把人祸定为天灾

2016-08-01 11:54:23   中国环境报

王金南:已经有很多研究论证了建设通风廊道、增加空气流动性,有助于减少城市的热岛效应,对改善城市尤其是廊道本身所在区域的空气质量有一定的积极作用,但是其作用远远不能达到“避免和减轻大雾和霾”的目的。

北京的霾是区域性的污染,而并不是城市内部因为有了高楼,更不是风速低了才产生霾。城市之间的广大农村地区,没有任何高楼的遮挡,一样笼罩在霾之中。从气象上来看,霾产生的因素在于由于缺乏温度和压力差异,大气的水平和垂直运动减少甚至停止,从而促进了污染物的累积和反应。在这个时候,即使有廊道,也解决不了大气运动的动力问题,因此对霾的形成和产生并不会产生决定性的影响。

正是因为这个原因,到目前为止,还没有一个定量的研究报告,已经论证了通风廊道建设对减少像京津冀这样一个区域性霾的积极作用。绝大部分研究都仅是泛泛地说通风廊道“有助于”大气污染扩散,而究竟能够“在多大程度上有助于”和“多大空间尺度上有助于”大气污染扩散方面,无法给出有说服力的结果和科学依据。即使这种做法真“有助于”大气污染扩散,但如果每个城市自己治霾都不上心,都想着通过通风廊道快速把霾吹到别的城市,区域性的空气污染解决就成为一句空话。

柴发合:改变大气流动性是非常巨大的工程,难度极大。建设通风廊道等措施,从理论上来讲有助于改善大气流动性,但京津冀地区大气污染的区域性特征十分明显,业内对建设通风廊道是否能有实际效果存在较大争议,还需要进一步研究。因此,在地方性法规中作出“完善通风廊道系统,增加空气流动性,避免和减轻大雾、霾和高温等气象灾害造成的危害”这样的规定,对于防治霾的危害来说有些武断。

当前,可以继续开展相关基础研究,在获得充分的科学依据时再做决策。建议相关条款修改为“鼓励开展通风廊道系统对增加空气流动性的研究,充分考虑通风廊道建设对减轻高温等气象灾害的作用”。

立法将霾纳入气象灾害定义,会带来哪些方面的危害或影响?

夸大了气象因素的影响,掩盖了人为排放引起大气污染的本质问题。

中国环境报:有人认为,立法将霾纳入气象灾害定义,会混淆不同性质的问题,危害甚大。那么,立法将霾纳入气象灾害定义,会带来哪些方面的危害或影响?特别是在霾的污染防治上,会带来哪些影响?

刘文清:将霾列入气象灾害,在霾的污染防治上,容易误导人们对大气污染的正确认识,混淆污染与气象的概念。认为雾霾同暴雨、寒潮等气象灾害一样,具有人为不可控性。这无疑加剧了“治霾只能等风来”的错误认识。

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