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人社部专家:延迟退休不会导致年轻人就业难

2016-07-26 07:44:05   京华时报

延长退休年龄从立法到开始实行,有一定的过渡期,并且真正实行后采用小步慢跑策略,不是一步延迟到位。

国外退休年龄呈走高趋势

莫荣介绍,国外退休年龄的总体变化趋势,呈现先高后低再逐步走高的趋势。如1889年第一个建立公共养老保险制度的德国,最初退休年龄规定是70岁,1908年、1936年,英国和挪威分别建立养老保险制度时规定的退休年龄也都是70岁。但随着制度逐步稳定下来,基金不断积累,许多国家下调了以往过高的退休年龄。

近年来随着预期寿命延长、劳动生产强度下降等,许多国家又开始调高退休年龄。以OECD国家(经合组织)为例,从1993年开始,有14个国家已经或者计划提高男性退休年龄,18个国家已经或计划提高女性退休年龄。到2010年,男性和女性平均退休年龄已经比最低点时上升了0.5岁和0.8岁。而根据统计,从2010年到2050年,11个OECD成员国计划将男女退休年龄提高。

目前部分发展中国家也在逐步延迟退休年龄。

日本修法规保障老人就业

针对国外延迟退休年龄的主要做法,莫荣透露,延长退休年龄从立法到开始实行,有一定的过渡期,并且真正实行后采用小步慢跑策略,不是一步延迟到位。像日本、韩国,从立法到真正实行,间隔13年,美国甚至更长。

但是,间隔不是越长越好,也不是越短越好。太长了,经济社会环境发生变化,原来政策的合理性肯定大打折扣;太短了也带来很多弊端和教训。

他分析,延迟退休对部分老年人群确实会有一定的影响,因此对于无法就业的老年人要有相关福利保障政策。如2004年6月,日本重新修改《老年人就业稳定法》,规定所有企业都有义务雇用老年人。

延退占用的就业岗位并不会绝对地替代年轻人的就业机会,年轻人的就业机会主要还是取决于经济发展和产业转型升级。

延退不会致年轻人就业难

郑东亮提出,实施渐进式延迟退休办法,一年延迟几个月,总体上对就业影响有限,而且这种影响分散到所有行业,因此,对就业不会构成大的冲击,也不会因此导致年轻人就业难。

他表示,一般人认为,就业是老的不退休,年轻的进不来。实际上,劳动力市场并不是绝对的一对一关系,就像过去退休顶替政策那样,父亲退休,儿子顶替。

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