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山西最紧张时刻:万亿煤炭巨债缠身 60%在银行

2016-04-24 10:08:47   21世纪经济报道

目前,七大国有煤炭集团仅公布了2015年前三季度的财务数据。焦煤集团、同煤集团、潞安集团、晋煤集团、阳煤集团、晋能集团、山煤集团分别负债1984.82亿、2107.06亿、1494.56亿、1694亿、1723.35亿、1728.94亿、725.24亿,负债总额超过万亿,体量相当于山西省2015年全年的GDP,总体资产负债率达80%。

“60%在银行,40%是债券之类的。”据任东风估计,山西煤炭的债务大部分仍在银行。但从去年开始,银行开始转化手中的煤炭债务,主要是帮助国有煤炭集团发行债券。债券的持有者大多是银行、保险、信托等机构投资者,基金也持有一些,像债券型基金最终将被个人投资者所持有。

“以化解优先”

信达参股的28家企业,大多现金流难以覆盖利息,还要举借更多债务,进入“庞氏融资”的企业有13家。

多位山西银行系统人士告诉南方周末记者,除了发行债券,从2015年开始,山西银行业向煤炭企业实行了较为宽松的信贷政策。

如过去正常的情况下,贷款到期后,银行要先从企业收回款项再放贷。后来企业到期还不了,就给企业做“展期”,也就是延长还贷期限;还有一种方法是“再融资”,即企业从银行借新的贷款还旧的贷款。

可是如果前两种方法都用了,企业还是还不了利息,正常情况下这笔贷款应立刻划为不良贷款。但是现在,银行仍然会把利息款借给企业。

“利息都还不了,银行还借钱给你,实际上是把银行的风险敞口放大了,这不正常。”一位国有银行信贷人士向南方周末记者表示担忧。

信达资产管理公司在上一轮“债转股”时,拥有了数百亿煤炭企业股权。从2012年起,信达在28家参股企业中,选取了17家规模较大的企业展开统计。结果显示,现金流难以覆盖利息,还要举借更多债务,进入“庞氏融资”(即债务人的现金流既不能覆盖本金,也不能覆盖利息,债务人只能靠出售资产或者再借新钱来履行支付承诺)的企业有13家。

随着煤炭等产能过剩行业风险蔓延,企业和银行只能携手共渡难关。截至2015年底,山西省银行业金融机构不良贷款余额为881.65亿元,较年初增加123.62亿元,不良贷款率4.75%。山西省副省长王一新指出,信用风险已逼近警戒线。

银行的信贷员现在一半时间都花在追要利息上。”在民营煤炭产业集中的山西省古交市,熟悉当地煤企生态的王志告诉南方周末记者,古交几十家洗煤厂目前仅剩一家,还是处于半停半生产状态。而这家企业在2015年的时候,只有一个月正常还过利息,欠息最多的时候达三四百万。

他还透露,古交民营的涉煤企业,贷款已经很少有正常的,大部分都处于“关注期”,如果情况再恶化就是不良贷款。

“达到一定规模的企业不想死,从银行的角度讲,只要有一线希望,他们也不想让企业死。”王志说,目前山西提出的口号是“以化解优先”,在化解的基础上“能不进不良就不进”,因为一旦划入不良贷款,银行无论如何都有损失。

银行的损失,不仅是将不良资产打包卖给“坏账银行”时,打折打得很厉害。更重要的是,银行在煤炭企业的抵押物处置方面处于弱势。煤炭行业抵押的资产大多是采矿权、机器设备等,这些抵押物的市场价格在不断波动,银行无法进行预估。任东风拍卖过五年前估值非常高的私有采矿权,但现在这个形势下,“无人接手”。此外,因为涉及国有资产流失问题,如果作为不良资产,处置起来非常麻烦。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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