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——英国。英国是孕育“工业革命”的摇篮,曾牢牢占据过“世界工厂”的地位。然而近年来发展中国家廉价劳动力的优势显现,以制造业为主的英国工业开始走下坡路,取而代之的是服务业、金融业等。英国国家统计局的数据显示,制造业现在仅占英国经济总量的15.2%,而服务业占比高达77.8%,但是过度倚重服务业使英国经济存在较大的不稳定性,特别是金融危机使过度依赖虚拟经济的英国受到巨大冲击。英国政府也意识到只有同时抓好实体经济才能稳定经济发展,因而提出要提升制造业在国民生产总值的比重。2008年英国政府就推出“高价值制造战略”,希望鼓励英国企业在本土生产更多世界级的高附加产值产品。同志们可能会认为英国是没落帝国,现在没什么了不起,实际上这是一种误解。英国作为一个老牌资本主义国家,其科技和经济实力是非常之深厚的。

从世界制造业的分层来看,英国制造业往往多集中在高端,而德国则集中于中高端。2008年英国高端制造业技术部门的研发投入占整个制造业研发的62.8%,而在德国这一比例仅为31%;相应的,德国中高端制造业技术部门的研发投入占行业研发总投入的60%以上,而英国这一比例仅为28.3%。有分析机构指出,英国在科研、设计、创新方面的优势使它在制造业细分市场上取得巨大成功,以汽车为例,尽管英国多个汽车品牌已经易主他国,但这些汽车的设计和生产仍然在英国进行,英国实际上是将更多精力从传统制造转移到了技术和设计创新上。以英国ARM公司为例,其为全球领先的半导体知识产权提供商,总部位于英国剑桥,拥有1700多名员工。ARM公司通过出售芯片技术授权而非生产或销售芯片,建立了一种新型的微处理器设计、生产和销售商业模式,该公司专注于芯片设计开发,它自身并未开设一家工厂,而是将其产品设计方案授权给生产智能手机的公司。大家所熟悉的英国汽车本土品牌劳斯莱斯,劳斯莱斯是世界顶级豪华轿车厂商,同时又是世界上最领先的发动机制造商,波音客机用的就是劳斯莱斯的发动机。实际上英国在航空航天产品设计、研发、制造等方面都领先世界,在雷达、喷气发动机、运输机、军用直升机等领域都是排头位置。我们现在讲科技、讲制造业,言必称美、德、日本,而英国也是非常厉害的。
——日本。制造业是日本战后经济振兴的基础。正如日本人经常提到的“匠人精神”那样,老一代日本技工往往穷其一生钻研本职技术,将大到汽车、电器,小到轴承、阀门等产品做到极致,因此造就了日本制造业的国际地位。由于日本社会的老龄化和“少子化”在迅速加剧,曾经支撑经济长期发展的战后“婴儿潮”一代技术工人逐渐退休,日本的劳动力不足、劳动成本上涨等趋势难以逆转,在此情况下,日本制造业已经由鼎盛时的全面争夺市场逐步收缩,转为固守和发展少数产业,并通过制造业升级,优先保证日本在这些产业的优势,这些产业或是具有高附加值、高收益和长周期等特点的战略产业,如航天、海洋和生物等产业,或是对日本经济具有支柱意义、可以用先进技术带动升级的产业,其中典型的汽车产业。日本政府一向以“行政指导”和“产业政策”著称,这在战略产业发展过程中也不例外。以它的新能源汽车为例,早在新能源汽车技术成熟之初,日本政府就在国内市场为此类产品提供高额补贴和极为优惠的免税政策,使这些产品在日本的普及速度远超过其他国家。2009年丰田混合动力轿车“普锐斯”主已经占据了日本轿车销量排行第一的位置,年销量约25万辆,如今在国际市场销量即已越过300万辆,混合动力车已经是日本车企在国际市场上的有力王牌。2012年安倍政府加大对新能源的政策改革和补贴力度,并将视野拓展到更先进的氢燃料车。安倍政府希望在氢燃料车领域复制混合动力车的成功,在2020年东京奥运会前后推动氢燃料车在国际范围内的普及,如果实现这一目标,日本的汽车产业就仍能够在相当长的时间内保持领先的国际地位。更重要的是,氢燃料车的环保指标无疑远高于传统燃料汽车,一旦各国环保标准继续提高,日本在这方面的优势就会转化为巨大的、实实在在的商业利益。
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