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聚力创新创业 共享发展成果

2016-04-13 16:27:08   宣讲家网

二是资源环境约束在强化。改革开放以来,我国的经济发展主要是依靠物质要素的投入来推动的,经济的快速发展以大量的资源投入和环境污染为代价。从1978年到2013年,中国能源消费总量从5.7亿吨标准煤迅速上升到37.5亿吨标准煤。尽管近几年中国单位GDP能耗有所下降,但依然为高收入国家的1.8倍,中等收入国家的1.2倍,世界平均水平的1.5倍。中国人口众多,人均资源量少,经济增长将受到越来越严重的资源和环境约束。

现在我们所熟知的一个概念叫“中等收入陷阱”,这也是目前社会上热烈讨论的一个话题。“中等收入陷阱”是世界银行专家团队在2007年根据前面大半个世纪100多个进入中等收入阶段(人均GDP在4000美元—12700美元阶段)的经济体的发展轨迹概括而成的一个形象化概念。这个概念揭示出各个国家为实现现代化、通过发展“瓶颈期”所面临的历史考验。陷入“中等收入陷阱”代表性国家主要集中在拉美地区,如巴西、阿根廷、墨西哥,也包括东南亚一些国家如马来西亚、菲律宾等。这些国家和地区一个共同的特点是前期经济迅速发展,但进入中等收入阶段后仍然过于依靠低成本要素投入的比较优势推动经济社会发展,没有或不能顺利实现发展战略和发展方式转变,致使经济长期停滞不前;同时,过去快速发展中积聚的问题集中爆发,形成政治不稳、社会动荡的局面。从世界发展历史来看,1950年以来仅有13个国家和地区成功步入高收入阶段,而绝大多数国家长期处在“中等收入陷阱”。

当下中国已经进入中等收入阶段。我们国家正面临两个前途:一个是光明的前途,这就是跨越中等收入陷阱,我们国家将继续保持经济繁荣,人民将更加富足安宁;另一个是灰暗的前途,如同很多拉美国家一样掉入“中等收入陷阱”,经济停滞不前、社会动荡不宁。是跨越呢还是掉入呢?很显然,过去数量型扩张的经济模式已经难以支撑我国如此庞大的经济总量继续实现高速增长,特别是随着人口红利减少、生产要素成本上升、资源配给效率、要素供给效率以及潜在增长率下降,我国就比以往任何时候更需要通过创新来增强国家竞争力,从而摆脱陷入“中等收入陷阱”的风险。因此,我们必须切换经济发展的动力机制,改过去的要素驱动、投资驱动为创新驱动,通过实施“双创”战略来避免中国经济低质低效的恶性循环,打造中国经济升级版。这也可以说是别无选择,不是可以这样而是必须这样。我们必须有壮士断腕的勇气与决心。

(二)从国际层面的视野来看,鼓励“大众创业、万众创新”是党中央和国务院应对激烈的国际竞争,图谋中华民族伟大复兴所做的一次卓绝超越。

实现中华民族伟大复兴,再现汉唐盛世景象,是近百年来中国人民的伟大梦想和不懈追求。2013年,习近平在莫斯科国际关系学院演讲时把实现中华民族伟大复兴称之为“中国梦”。“中国梦”的基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福,它有两个时间节点或者说标志:一是到2020年国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入在2010年的基础上翻一番,全面建成小康社会;二是到本世纪中叶建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家,实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。

中国的改革发展是在全球治理的开放环境下进行的,无疑要面对各种各样的激烈竞争、挤压、风险和挑战,要迈过无数的沟沟坎坎。当下,美欧一些世界主要发达国家,为在新一轮以信息技术结合制造业为特征的新科技革命和产业革命中,抢占先机和制高点,纷纷推出各自国家创新发展战略。我们耳熟能详的如美国“再工业化”计划、德国工业4.0计划、英国“高价值制造”战略等等。德国工业4.0计划影响比较大,国内说的比较多,大家可能已经了解,这里我重点向大家介绍一下美、英、日三国的情况。

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