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聚力创新创业 共享发展成果

2016-04-13 16:27:08   宣讲家网

经过改革开放30多年来的创造和积累,我国已经从个经济弱国发展成一个经济大国。按照汇率法计算,从2010年起中国GDP已经稳居世界第二位。而按照购买力平价法计算,2014年中国GDP达到17.6万亿国际元,首次超过美国成为世界第一(据IMF2015年《世界经济展望》数据)。尽管我们对购买力平价的估算方法存在质疑,但这也说明我国的经济实力得到了国际机构的认可。撇开GDP不说,我们来看一点实的,来看一看中国制造业。可以这么说我国制造业是历史性巨变,现在我们已经取代美国,成为世界头号工业生产国,结束了美国长达一个多世纪工业国领袖的历史。根据世界银行数据,2010年中国制造业增加值占世界比重16.9%,而2014年这一数字上升到占世界比重25%,过去的四年大幅度提高了8个百分点。今天我国工业品产量居世界第一位的已超过220多种,制造成品出口额位列世界第一,工业产值与制造业产值已经是美国的1.23倍和1.4倍。在220多项工业产品中,制造业有众多耀眼的数据:

·汽车产量超过世界总产量的25%;

·船舶产量占世界总量的41.9%;

·工程机械产量占世界总产量的43%;

·计算机产量占世界总产量的68%;

·手机产量超过世界总产量的70%;

·彩电产量占世界总产量的50%;

·冰箱产量占世界总产量的65%;

·空调产量占世界总产量的80%……

通过上述的情况和数据,我们完全有理由并且可以十分自豪地讲,在我们党的领导下,我国创造了世界经济发展历史上的奇迹!但是,在这些耀眼的数据面前,我们需要冷静,还要看到另一面,就是要看看和分析我们成就是怎么取得的,还里面有什么问题没有?

从世界经济发展历史来看,有一个共性的规律,就是在一个国家或地区经济起飞的早期阶段,经济增长的主要动力来自稀缺资源(如资本、技术)投入来激发丰裕资源(如劳动力、土地、矿产等)的产出潜力,随着闲置丰裕资源不断使用,经济产出基数不断扩大。一方面,作为产出潜力的丰裕资源的市场价格水平持续上涨;另一方面,作为动力资源的稀缺资源的边际产出效率逐级递减,面临着劳动力、资源、环境三大方面的约束。

中国也是这样。在过去相当长的时期内,我国采取了高投入驱动高增长的模式,特别是改革开放30多年,高储蓄率、高投资率、低要素成本等因素和优势支撑了我国经济持续高速增长。在经济发展的初期,这种模式有它的合理之处,但按照这种模式长时期发展以后,我们也为此付出了经济结构性失衡、发展方式粗放、生态环境污染的代价,已经变得越来越不合理、越来越不可持续。

一是劳动力要素约束在强化。劳动力数量投入的扩张对经济增长的贡献已经回落到低位。1990-2001年间,中国的廉价劳动力数量优势明显,每年劳动力数量对GDP增长的贡献均在0.5%-1%之间;自21世纪初以来,我们进入了“低出生”“低死亡”“低增长”的现代型人口增长阶段。劳动力数量减少,“刘易斯拐点”问题引起广泛关注。有一组数据,中国农村劳动力的非农就业比例从1995年的31%到2007年已经上升到60%,其中年轻人群体的非农就业上涨最快,16-20岁从23.7%上升到97.7%,显示农村剩余劳动劳动力向制造业部门转移几近完成。同时,中国老龄化进程在加速。2010年我国第6次人口普查人口老龄率为8.9%,到2050年将达到30%左右。劳动力数量减少,老龄化加快,必然导致劳动力价格成本上涨,这也就意味着我们经济发展最主要的一个比较优势即人口红利就逐步减弱或消失了。

责任编辑:李皓 CN002
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