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上海下调医疗养老保险费率 社保费率下调或提速

2016-04-06 18:14:55   中国新闻周刊

我国现行社保体系由养老、医疗、工伤、失业和生育五个保险项目组成。长期以来,养老保险费率为28%(单位缴费20%、个人缴费8%),医疗保险费率为8%(单位缴费6%、个人缴费2%),失业保险费率为3%(单位、个人比例各省自定),工伤保险费率(单位缴费)为1%,生育保险费率(单位缴费)为不超过1%。

养老和医疗占比最大,因此也被认为是“五险”中的两个重头。

自从2013年十八届三中全会提出“降低社会保险费率”后,这两年相关部门一直在推进下调社保费率

2015年2月25日,国务院决定将失业保险费率由现行条例规定的3%统一降至2%;同年6月24日,国务院常务会议决定,从2015年10月1日起,将工伤保险平均费率由1%降至0.75%,将生育保险费率从不超过1%降到不超过0.5%。

但在“五险”中占大头的养老和医疗保险费率,一直没有降低。

中国社科院社会政策研究中心研究员唐钧对《中国新闻周刊》说,由于失业、工伤和生育保险费率较低,降幅有限,总共只下调了1.5个百分点左右,对企业降低社保缴费成本“作用非常小”,真正有效、并且有下调空间的还是养老保险和医疗保险的费率。

养老保险一直都是五项社会保险的大头,缴费收入占所有五项社会保险费的三分之二以上,收入、支出、结余的数量都最高,降费的空间和余地也最大。

人社部曾公开表示,在五项社会保险费率中,“主要是养老保险费率偏高”,其他四项社保费率之和,约在12%左右,“处于中等偏上水平”。目前,城镇职工基本养老保险的基本费率为28%,并轨之后,如果机关事业单位建立职业年金,每个月单位及个人缴纳养老保险的比例将达到工资的40%,属全球最高。

为何养老保险的费率如此之高,却始终未能下调?中国政法大学法和经济学研究中心教授胡继晔认为,现实原因在于,养老保险基金的收支平衡状况并不客观。“这是一块难啃的骨头。”他对《中国新闻周刊》说。

“上世纪80年代,国际上养老保险制度改革的先行者智利依靠出售国有铜矿作为资金来源才转轨成功,而据参与1997年国务院26号文件起草的资深专家介绍,当年确定28%的缴费率就是上浮了几个百分点,主要是考虑从计划经济向市场经济转轨的成本的弥补。”胡继晔说。

人社部基金监督司巡视员张浩曾透露,如果只算征缴收入,不含财政补贴,城镇职工社保基金的当年收支结余,已呈现逐年递减的趋势。包含财政补贴在内,2014年黑龙江、宁夏城镇职工养老金已经出现赤字,前者赤字额高达106亿元。

这种情况到了2015年并未好转。据人社部部长尹蔚民在今年“两会”期间透露,“各省之间养老保险基金情况不平衡,有的省能够保证发放四五十个月,有的省只能发放一两个月,2015年的统计数据,有7个省出现了当期收不抵支的情况,动用了历年结余。”

减轻企业压力,上海经验能否被全国各地效仿,养老保险费率是否会普降?

对此,人社部社保所所长金维刚表示,调整养老保险费率,要视情况而定,“广东、浙江等地节余较多,可以先降、多降。一些省份已经在动用历年结余或者需要大量财政补贴,要慎重考虑。”

责任编辑:李皓 CN002
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