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学者:"中国梦"与儒家理论契合度提升 意味扬弃革命

2016-03-21 07:31:12   

就国家发展而言,有种简单化的说法是我们依靠马克思主义建立了新中国,依靠某种程度上的自由主义实施改革开放,但中国现在要再往前走,仅靠这两样恐怕是不够了。于是,我们需要回归传统,从传统文化中攫取精华,帮助中国实现“强国”目标。虽然不完全对,但就事论事来看似乎也可以这么说。只是这里面可能存在这样一个问题,那就是对中华民族这个生命主体的遗忘或蔑视。社会是一种自发生成的有机体,作为中国历史产物的儒家文化正是这种生命力和本体性的承载者和体现者。水之积也不厚则其负大舟也无力,社会土壤不丰厚,政治建筑也不可能稳定牢固。

近代以来,无论什么主义,其被中华民族接受,都是为了救亡,为了保国保种保教,都是工具性、手段性的。辛亥革命后宪政的引入如此,社会主义的引入也是如此,而科学救国、教育救国、宗教救国的口号说明科学、教育和宗教之所以被接纳认可也都有这样的因素。邓小平为什么要改革?还是为了救中国,因为无产阶级专政下继续革命的“无产阶级文化大革命”把国民经济带到了崩溃边缘。维护主权和保障人权都需要一个稳定的政治平台,对外应对挑战,对内满足国民诉求。那种仅以意识形态为目标方案改造社会、否定传统的做法不能再继续下去。

美国学者丹尼尔·贝尔说自己是政治上的自由主义,经济上的社会主义,文化上的保守主义,以此说明对人性的需求来说,各种主义都各有其价值,不能将它们简单对立,或以某种价值吞噬一切。其中文化上的保守主义即是保守固有传统。儒家无疑是我们传统的主干,它对社会生活和个体生命的护持滋养相当程度上是无可替代的。从国际社会的角度讲,亨廷顿把中国划归儒家文明国家,这首先是一种观察。我们自己则首先需要反思一下,我们配得上么?我们又该怎么去做?

  实现儒家重构还需更多实践基础

无论是从国内发展还是国际发展的角度,儒家回归恐怕都需要针对当下形势和时代特征进行一定重构。实际上,从自强运动、洋务运动到戊戌变法、辛亥革命以及五四运动,以天下为己任的知识分子一直都在根据儒家的基本精神原则身体力行,在实践中实现对儒家思想体系的调整重构。至于今天应如何予以重构,实际要在实践的可能充分打开之后才能真正开始,目前的谈论只能是理论的可能。

从外部看,需要接纳诸多现代价值,比如自由人权的价值和思维、对于工具理性的重视等等。从内部讲,要根据孔子的教诲以《易传》中的天作为理论的核心,信仰的对象,在生生不息的“天地之大德”的基础上思考生命的意义和形态,处理人和世界的关系,从为天地立心、为生民立命和开万世太平的追求出发吸纳各种知识智慧,完善丰富自身。宋以来的由朱子所建立的那个“四书学”儒学图景,主要只是一个基于个体的人格养成方案,在今天就需要超越扬弃了。

大陆“新儒学”有新康有为主义之说,康有为这个儒家符号象征着国家国族建构的问题以及相应的解决思路,对他的解读和发展正在进行之中。我们现在提“中国梦”,提中华民族伟大复兴,这是对近代历史主题的承接。换言之,即意味着与儒家理论契合度的提升,意味着对五四话语即革命叙事与启蒙规划的某种疏离扬弃。如果这里的理论逻辑能够理顺贯通,相互之间或能达成某种默契、形成某种互动。(作者是首都师范大学儒教研究中心主任、中国大陆“新儒家”代表性人物之一)

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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