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央行官员建议撤销银监会证监会保监会和外汇局

2016-02-23 16:51:31   财新网

第二,部分实行货币政策与混业监管并立的国家(相当于“一行一会”模式)逐步把金融监管权并入中央银行。巴西金融监管是以中央银行为主导的混业监管机制,所有金融机构中只有证券交易所、保险和养老金机构等少数机构不受中央银行监管,巴西中央银行既是货币政策制定者,又是金融监管者。德国中央银行与金融监管局共同监管银行业,危机后,中央银行被赋予对德国金融市场的宏观审慎监管职责,金融监管局行使微观审慎监管职权。南非储备银行作为中央银行与金融服务理事会共同行使金融监管职责,南非储备银行负责对全部银行业金融机构监管,金融服务理事会负责监管非银行金融机构。

第三,实行货币政策与分业监管并立的国家(相当于“一行多会”模式)已经出现了走向中央银行统一监管的趋势。法国、爱尔兰等国建立了以央行为核心的金融监管框架。韩国修订《韩国银行法》,通过扩大监管职权及增加宏观审慎工具,进一步强化了中央银行维护金融稳定的职能。印度储备银行作为中央银行不仅负责制定货币政策,而且对整个银行业金融机构实施监管。证券交易委员会、保险监管和发展局分别负责对证券业和保险业实施监管。

四、中央银行统筹货币政策与金融监管是现阶段金融管理体制改革的唯一出路

在国际实践上,各国金融管理体制都坚持“看得见、放得开、管得住、救得活”的实效性原则,在改革路径选择上自然具有金融监管职能向中央银行统一的倾向。反思我国证券业业已发生的股市风波,债券市场的潜在风险,银行业的坏账压力,以及多个地方出现的交易平台和互联网金融机构跑路事件,都表明缺乏统一信息来源所导致的金融监管“看不见”、重发展轻处置所导致的准入监管“放不开”、缺乏跨市场综合监管工具所导致的事中监管“管不住”、发生系统性金融风险苗头后缺乏监管资源整合导致的事后监管“救不活”。研究借鉴国际经验,加快切实推进金融监管统一于中央银行,是确保系统性金融风险防范,高效率服务实体经济的唯一选择。

(一)中央层面

为统筹协调货币政策、金融稳定、金融改革和金融监管,我国金融管理体制改革的基本方案应该是:撤销银监会、证监会、保监会和外汇局,机构、业务、人员、服务并入中央银行,建立单一金融管理体制。

一是完全构建起货币政策、宏观审慎管理和微观审慎监管“三位一体”的金融管理体制,可更好协调货币政策、金融稳定、金融监管与外汇管理关系,解决货币调控传导不畅问题。二是可以建立集中统一的金融基础设施(如货币支付清算、结算系统,金融产品登记、托管、清算和结算系统,等等)和金融业综合统计体系(以及中央金融监管大数据平台),解决系统性金融风险识别和预警能力不足问题,有助于实现实时监管。三是金融救助、金融稳定和金融监管由单一央行内部相互分离但密切配合的职能部门负责,可以解决中央银行与监管部门分设体制下系统性风险应对和危机处置能力不足问题,避免道德风险。四是可以避免监管真空。金融业综合经营背景下,符合我国当前金融交易跨市场化、银行业务表外化、资本流动网络化对监管模式的新要求,有助于实现功能监管,避免监管真空。五是纠正现行体制下监管机构地盘意识和行业保护倾向,统一监管标准并防止监管套利,防止滥设行业性保护基金。下放行业发展职能给各行业协会,从根子上取消监管保护,有效理顺发展目标与监管目标关系。六是纠正消费者保护分设与复杂性结构性金融产品风险频发的矛盾,通过构建覆盖线上线下、正规与类金融的违规调查与处罚机制,有效保护消费者权益,实现行为监管。

(二)地方层面金融管理体制

一是实行发展职能与监管职能分开。省级政府主要负责本省银行、证券、保险等金融机构发展和准入,监管权应集中在中央监管部门。地市级及以下政府负责小贷公司、融资担保等准金融机构发展,监管权应集中在省级政府金融办(局)。二是整合所在地中央金融监管机制,形成合力。针对金融业综合经营趋势、监管盲区较多、非法集资和金融犯罪行为猖獗的现状,理想的方案是:恢复人民银行省级分行;充分发挥人民银行在地级市、县分支机构的专业性管理队伍作用;择机归并中央监管机构,在人民银行省级分行内设金融机构监管局、金融市场监管局、金融违规调查处罚局。三是密切关注区域性金融风险演化为系统性危机的路径。从目前互联网金融风险个案、部分地区城市商业银行不良率明显上升的情况看,已经具有跨区域风险传染的苗头,为防患未然,应有风险管控预案,特别是既要防止国家兜底和刚性兑付,又要安排必要的救助和打击犯罪机制。

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