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央行官员建议撤销银监会证监会保监会和外汇局

2016-02-23 16:51:31   财新网

(三)金融监管与中央银行分离,使风险应对能力和危机处置能力不足,也会对日常监管形成逆向激励

一是金融监管与中央银行分离影响危机救助效率。金融危机救助资金一般由中央银行通过最后贷款人提供,中央银行在不了解日常监管情况下参与救助,很难做到及时介入。了解信息、判断金融风险的系统性和传染性都耗费了决策时间。

二是金融监管与中央银行分离情况下央行被迫无限救助滋生新道德风险。二者分离情况下,救助成本对于监管部门而言是外部成本,同时央行被迫无限救助(无法自主决定是否救助),这必然逆向激励监管部门放宽监管标准,最终形成“松监管-无限救助”的负反馈机制。值得注意的是,我国银监会2003年分设是为了避免另一种道德风险——掌握救助工具的央行会放松日常监管。十多年的历史表明,银监会分设之后的中央银行仍然无法自主决定是否救助(如江苏射阳农商银行挤兑案),监管机构存在花别人的钱不心疼的问题。中国证券金融公司在应对股市危机过程中,监管部门在应对金融机构支付危机中,乃至在花钱买机制式农村信用社改革中,软预算约束问题始终存在,央行无限救助最终会酿成通货膨胀和资产泡沫。

四、危机以来世界各国的金融监管体制改革的主流做法

一是明确了中央银行宏观审慎管理在防范和化解系统性金融风险中的核心地位。2008年全球金融危机之后,国际社会对危机成因和教训进行了深刻反思,认识到现行注重金融机构个体稳健的微观金融监管,缺乏对宏观经济及系统性金融风险的监测、评估和管理,需要从宏观视角防范化解系统性金融风险,以弥补传统货币政策工具和微观金融监管的不足。危机前,约三分之二国家以法律形式明确中央银行具有监督管理金融体系的职责,2009年以来该比例达到五分之四,并仍在上升。全球60多国通过中央银行法的修订赋予中央银行金融监管职能。G20和BIS等国际组织和主要经济体都强调要构建以中央银行为核心的货币政策、宏观审慎管理、微观审慎监管为基础新型金融管理体制。美国、欧盟、英国、德国等都先后设立了以中央银行为核心的系统性金融风险管理委员会,专门负责宏观审慎管理,并加强宏观审慎管理与货币政策的协调配合。

二是世界各国金融审慎微观监管职能有向中央银行集中的趋势。

第一,危机国家和主要经济体扩大中央银行监管范围,或者将全部监管权力并入中央银行。美国于2010年6月出台《多德-弗兰克法案》,将金融稳定监督委员会认定的系统重要性金融机构和系统重要性非金融机构均纳入美联储的监管范围。美国保险集团(AIG)、保德信金融公司(PrudentialFinancial)和通用电气金融服务公司(GECapital)由金融稳定监督委员会指认为系统重要性非银行类金融机构而纳入美联储的监管范围,首次打破了保险公司在联邦层面没有监管者的局面。美联储监管范围扩大到整个银行业,并直接监管所有系统重要性银行、证券、保险和金融控股公司,以及场外衍生品市场、对冲基金和私募基金。欧盟于2014年11月4日启动银行业单一监管机制,欧洲中央银行直接监管占欧元区银行业总资产85%、总资产占所在国GDP20%以上或总资产超过300亿欧元的130家系统重要性银行,并有权对其他银行实施直接监管。英国于2010年6月通过《2010年金融服务法》,撤销金融服务局,重新赋予了英格兰银行对存款机构、保险机构及重要的投资公司等系统重要性金融机构进行审慎监管等的职责,英国作为上世纪80年代分业监管改革策源地的角色已不复存在。俄罗斯自2013年7月起撤销金融市场局,在俄罗斯联邦中央银行内设金融监管委员会,统一监管银行、证券、保险等全部金融体系。

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