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石油企业哭穷哭出节奏感 你以为石油企业真的穷?

2016-01-26 11:41:01   长株潭网

哭穷的意思是要涨价了你们准备好了吗?

石油企业每次哭穷至少都在传递一个信号:“我想涨价!我想涨价!我想涨价!”猪肉涨价,发改委约谈雨润中粮等大型企业;白酒涨价,发改委约谈五粮液洋河;食用油想涨价,发改委约谈金龙鱼、福临门、中粮等企业。但唯独石油企业想涨价的要求,每每都不会落空。

根据国企(特别是垄断性央企)一般在“巨额亏损”后的普遍行为看来,石油企业“哭穷”一般有三大好处。第一,向国家申请补贴。给国资委哭穷,要是再不补贴,石油就乱了,中国经济当然也会随之瓦解,国资委岂能见死不救,于是巨额财政补贴下来了。第二,抬价。给国家施加压力,请政府的名义实现调价,否则巨额亏损,这石油生意就做不成了。第三,则是前两条路的平衡,政府给一部分补贴,油价上调一部分。

这次也不例外,在北京举行“能源经济预测与展望报告发布会”上发布的《2016年石油产业前景预测与启示》报告提到,2016年中石油与中石化的石油生产板块恐出现亏损。而中海油目前已经宣布减产。国资委在拒绝调低油价时也提到,不调价是为了避免国内石油企业进一步大幅度亏损。因国内石油的平均生产成本已经明显高于40美元一桶(当前国际油价已跌至40美元以下),国内原油生产进入亏损状态。

与此同时,2015年前三季度,中国石油获得24.88亿元的政府补贴,中国石化获得23.13亿元政府补贴,中国海油获得6230.52万元政府补贴。

但与之前有所区别的是,这次哭穷,有些动真格了。油价大面积下跌的趋势下,国内外油企日子都不好过。1月21日,全球最大的油田技术服务公司斯伦贝谢宣布,该公司2015年第四季度净亏损10亿美元,并将裁员1万人。1月20日,荷兰壳牌公司预计2015年营收同比下降超过52%,将通过裁减约1万名员工和直接承包商等手段,削减30亿美元成本。中国石油董事长王宜林在日前召开的中国石油年会上称,今后一个时期集团公司发展面临的形势异常严峻,压力前所未有。

国内产油成本高不止因为环境和技术

以发改委和国资委的说法,油企不断哭穷,并过不下去的根本在于国内产油成本高,但油价低。成品油的成本大致包括四个部分:上游开采或进口、中游炼化环节、下游的销售以及各环节累积的税收。不可否认,因为地里环境等因素,中东地区在产油成本上有着天然的优势,曾有媒体指出,中国石油开采成本系伊拉克7倍。青海石油公司边远油田开发公司经理王德林的比喻很形象,伊拉克是拿着铲子在沙子里面挖几下,中国是在石头缝里一口井打下去“挤”石油,一口井就要上百万。

但除了这些客观的环境、技术因素外,成本中不能忽视的还有中国油企承担的高昂税收。曾有油企代表谈垄断称:“我们油企每年要上缴多少税你知道吗?油的价格都是国家定的,大部分油企都在亏损……”近日也有消息传出,成品油消费税将提高。目前,国内成品油消费税单位税额占加油费油的比例约为47%,若此次提高消费税的消息属实,国内成品油市场将迎来“一升油,半升税”的时代。

在这些高昂的成本中,石油企业的日常管理和部分隐性成本也占有一定比重。中石油天然气有限公司年报显示,2014年中石油员工费用为1208.22亿元。2014年中石油共有53万名员工,31.93万名市场化用工。员工费用包括工资、各类保险、住房公积金、培训费等附加费。曾有一位大型石油公司的员工表示,员工的住房、领导的开销、购买高昂的办公用品和设备全算在里面,成本能不高吗?

穷哭的次数多了,真穷的时候也没人信。石油企业利润降低不应该率先克扣采油工人,但大型央企也不能总想着如何从民众身上捞一笔。

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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