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中国南极考察获三项重大科学发现

2016-01-19 10:57:08   中国新闻网

近日,正在执行考察任务的中国第32次南极科学考察队频频报捷。这支由我国科学家领衔的团队取得3项重大科学发现:首次实地探明地球表面最大的峡谷存在于东南极冰盖伊丽莎白公主地的冰盖底部,南极冰盖底部最大的融水流域和“湿地”发育在伊丽莎白公主地,伊丽莎白公主地深部冰层呈现大范围暖冰现象。

自去年12月22日起,科考队最新装备的首架极地固定翼飞机“雪鹰601”,依托中国南极中山站良好的地面保障条件,利用冰雷达、激光测高仪等多套机载科学调查设备,对南极伊丽莎白公主地区进行大规模、系统性航空科学调查。截至目前,探测区域已经覆盖86.6万平方公里,占到全南极冰盖总面积的1/15,测线累计长度超过2万公里。

中国第32次南极科学考察队副领队、“雪鹰601”项目负责人、冰川学家孙波表示,大量冰雷达现场探测数据证明,我国科学家在世界上率先获得3项重大科学发现:

第一个科学大发现是,首次实地探明地球表面最大的峡谷存在于东南极冰盖伊丽莎白公主地的冰盖底部。冰雷达探测数据清晰地表明,冰盖底部一条完整的大峡谷形态规模特征,该峡谷长度超过1000公里,峡谷顶部最大宽度超过25公里,峡谷深度超过1500米,从南极冰盖中央区域的甘布尔采夫冰下山脉北麓发源,完整贯穿伊丽莎白公主地,在东南极大陆边缘西冰架位置与南大洋连接,其规模大大超过美国科罗拉多大峡谷,成为地球表面迄今为止发现的最大峡谷。

第二个科学大发现是,南极冰盖底部最大的融水流域和“湿地”发育在东南极伊丽莎白公主地。探测发现,该地区冰盖底部孕育众多的冰下湖泊和冰下水道,且相互贯通连接。数据显示,其中一个冰下湖泊的宽度超过25公里,另一个冰下湖泊发育在冰层厚度超过4000米的地方。冰下水流方向与冰盖表面流向明显不一致,不仅颠覆了冰盖物质平衡过程的传统理论,而且对冰盖稳定性产生巨大作用,进而直接影响全球海平面预测的准确性。

第三个科学大发现是,东南极冰盖伊丽莎白公主地深部冰层呈现大范围暖冰现象,表明冰下基岩地热通量显著异常。冰雷达探测数据显示,这里的深部冰层温度明显高于其他区域,更易于融化形成冰下湖泊和水系。暖冰的存在,与冰下地质构造、板块结构和岩石热状况密切关联,这为地质学家研究南极大陆形成演化提供了新的视野和命题。从南极冰盖对全球影响来看,冰盖底部界面灾变的不确定性,远远大于冰盖表面的冰气界面。

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