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中国天文学家观测到史上最强超新星爆发现象

2016-01-18 09:05:31   中国新闻网

北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所研究员东苏勃领导的一支国际团队,不久前发现了史上最强超新星爆发现象,在国际天文学界引起轰动。研究成果发表于1月15日出版的《科学》杂志上。

据介绍,这颗被命名为ASASSN—15lh的超新星距离地球38亿光年,属于罕见的“贫氢极亮型超新星”家族中的一员。它的发现,有望为揭开极亮型超新星的爆发之谜提供重要线索。

大质量恒星在生命终点发生的剧烈爆炸被称作超新星爆发

据《后汉书》记载,早在2000年前,我国天文学家就发现了人类历史上最早的超新星爆发,这颗现被称为SN185的超新星被天文学家划归为Ia型。自那以来,人类记录了上万颗超新星爆发,其中最常见的类别就是Ia型。而此次发现的超新星爆发强度超过了Ia型约200倍,并达到此前最高纪录强度的两倍以上。据介绍,所谓超新星爆发,就是大质量恒星在其生命终点发生的剧烈爆炸现象。

“由于它辐射的能量太高,目前的超新星理论难以对它的爆发机制和能量来源给予令人满意的解释。”东苏勃表示,ASASSN—15lh达到的最高亮度相当于5700亿个太阳,是整个银河系千亿颗恒星总亮度的20倍左右。

据了解,这颗“最强超新星”其实早在2015年6月就被观测到了。观测所用的是两架14厘米口径的望远镜,位于智利安第斯山脉托洛洛山顶,属于“全天自动超新星搜索项目”的一个节点。该项目的小望远镜阵持续不断地对整个夜空拍照,旨在搜寻突然变亮的、主要包括超新星的“暂现天体”。发现当天,东苏勃和其合作者立即将有关讯息公开给全球的超新星研究者,引起了天文学家们的强烈兴趣,世界上诸多大型望远镜和美国NASA的“雨燕”太空望远镜也马上开始了后续观测,至今都未停止。

天文学家们用谱线来认证超新星抛射物中的化学组分和物理状态,从而为超新星归类,并研究其爆发的物理过程。ASASSN—15lh的谱线远异于该项目已发现的200多颗超新星,东苏勃团队的天文学家们起初感到非常困惑。在与同事讨论后,东苏勃突然意识到ASASSN—15lh可能属于极亮型超新星。此后,他调用“南非巨型望远镜”(SALT)成功拍到了所需光谱,证实了推断。“当看到南非巨型望远镜拍摄的光谱并意识到我们发现了史上最强的超新星爆发,我兴奋得彻夜难眠。”东苏勃说。

超新星爆发为我们提供了恒星演化的重要信息

除了爆发强度之外,ASASSN—15lh的温度也鹤立鸡群。以往发现的极亮超新星多在黯淡的矮星系中,但ASASSN—15lh的宿主星系比银河系还要亮数倍。随着超新星逐渐变暗,后续观测将可以更好地研究宿主星系,这对理解贫氢极亮型超新星的爆发环境有重要意义。

解释极亮超新星能源机制最为流行的理论之一是磁中子星模型。在这个模型中,恒星爆发后会在中心遗留一颗有着极强磁场并飞速自转的中子星,这颗磁中子星的剧烈磁化星风可将爆炸抛射物加热到高温,从而产生辐射。然而,在发现后4个月的时间里,ASASSN—15lh辐射的总能量已经超过了磁中子星理论模型所允许的上限。另一种可能的解释是,ASASSN—15lh的辐射是由极高质量恒星爆发产生的数十倍于太阳质量的放射性元素衰变导致的。

“ASASSN—15lh的发现对超新星爆发理论提出了一个全新挑战。”东苏勃说,“它可能会引发对极亮超新星整体的理论创新,我们将拭目以待。”

超新星爆发能为我们提供有关恒星演化的重要信息,其抛射出几个太阳质量的恒星碎片丰富了星际空间中重元素和放射性元素的含量,而正是这些重元素形成了生命诞生的基础。探索超新星爆发,就好像在回应一种原始的呼唤,了解地球和人类真正的起源。

责任编辑:梁新华 CN043
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