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丈夫喊三句"休妻"就可离婚,印度这项千年习俗被废了

2017-09-05 15:01:51   瞭望智库

△反对修改穆斯林个人法的当地穆斯林团体

印度,宗教分歧的问题尤为敏感,尤其是现印度总理莫迪所属的印度人民党一直以来都在争取统一印度国内民事法,以单一法律管束所有宗教信徒。在很多非印度教群体眼中,印度人民党的后台是印度教势力。所以,裁决“塔拉克离婚”是否违宪的议题,会被印度教与伊斯兰教之间的对峙议题裹挟,同时穆斯林社会会担心个人法所象征的社会权力是否会因此而受到影响。

因此,当地穆斯林组织仍坚持反对该法违宪主要因为其已将穆斯林个人法视作一种身份认同以及一种权力的表达。1947年印巴分治后,穆斯林的政治身份开始分裂,个人法因此得到更多重视,逐渐被视为穆斯林身份认同的根本。反对“塔拉克离婚”违宪的全体穆斯林个人法委员会(AIMPLB)就是在1974年成立的,专门用来反对印度政府干涉对于穆斯林个人法的修改。

延续还是变革?背后都是权力的暗流

借用英国文化研究之父霍尔(Stuart Hall)对于身份认同的概念来看,身份认同的建构过程是以现有权力关系为背景的,因为身份建构过程包含于各种权力话语之中,并具有其特定的历史和制度环境。在此基础上则不难理解,“塔拉克离婚”包含于穆斯林个人法中,是同印度社会的宗教认同和身份认同的观念紧密联系在一起的。

穆斯林是印度的少数派,它的这种少数族群特征使得穆斯林身份建构在印度社会始终处于一个不断定位与被定位的过程。反对改变穆斯林个人法现状是因为个人法代表了伊斯兰教的基本属性,改变了个人法就意味着削弱了伊斯兰教在印度的政治地位,并使穆斯林身份面对重新被定位的风险。

因此,作为少数族群之一,尤其作为与印度教冲突已久的伊斯兰教来讲,维护个人法就可在一定程度上防止其政治权力在印度多民族多教派的语境与世俗民主制度中流失。

目前,印度最高法院的这项决议也只是裁定“塔拉克离婚”违背宪法,印度国会还未正式对此进行立法禁止。面对这样的结果,Shayara最后在接受半岛电视台的采访中表示,她很高兴政府对此的所给予的重视,并对最终结果感到非常满意。“印度穆斯林女性不该再活得如此卑微,我想要结束这种不平等的待遇,为了我,也为了我的孩子。”

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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