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印度后院起火廓尔喀人闹独立!“最后期限”已至

2017-08-09 07:45:51   瞭望智库

2,爆发

印度是联邦制国家。邦,是其一级行政区划,级别相当于中国的省。西孟加拉邦,是印度偏东北部的一个行政区域,也是印度最重要的邦之一。在英国殖民时代,这里是英印政府所在地;印度独立后,西孟加拉邦的首府加尔各答一直是印度的经济和文化中心,直到80年代初,加尔各答仍然是印度第一大城市。

在大吉岭的历史上,尼泊尔、锡金、孟加拉和英国殖民势力长期纠缠不清。

1765年,当地原住民雷布查人以锡金国王的名义修建了名为“大吉岭”(Dorje Ling)的寺庙。后来这块山间高地也以此为名。

18世纪末,来自尼泊尔的廓尔喀人引兵至此,用20年左右的时间将其纳入尼泊尔版图。但很快,尼泊尔在1814年与英国殖民者的战争中落败,将该地区拱手让出。随后,这片土地被英国人扶植复国的锡金收回。

资料图:印度大吉岭骚乱

19世纪30年代前后,英国人开始逐步开发大吉岭,建设疗养院、茶园等,使之逐渐成为殖民者以及印度王公贵族的避暑胜地。19世纪40年代末开始,英国殖民者和锡金王国关系恶化,摩擦不断。英国人在随后的十几年时间里逐步将大吉岭地区的控制权收为己有。1866年,大吉岭地区正式形成目前的版图和规制。

1947年后,随着印度摆脱英殖民统治,这一地区的民族矛盾开始显现。独立后的印度将大吉岭划入西孟加拉邦,使用尼泊尔语的廓尔喀人和使用孟加拉语的印度本国移民分别占据了山区和平原。民族和语言不同带来的身份认同差异使廓尔喀人寻求民族自治、独立建邦的诉求逐渐成型。

有了这个想法,廓尔喀人就一直在进击:

*20世纪50年代开始,廓尔喀人要求将尼泊尔语列入印度宪法规定的官方语言,同时进一步要求实现大吉岭地区的区域自治;

*20世纪80年代,独立运动进入高潮,连续28个月的抗议活动迫使印度政府妥协,为廓尔喀人成立了半自治区;

*10年前,廓尔喀人再接再厉,掀起了持续3年的独立运动,获得了独立的司法、行政和财政权。

不过,印度当局始终拒绝为廓尔喀人独立建邦,还将廓尔喀人的举动视为治安问题,看到“火星”就“以暴制暴”,见到“燎原之势”就认怂,停火之后又耍赖,最后再度激起反抗......循环往复。

曾参与过1986年廓尔喀暴动的达哈儿说:“西孟加拉邦政府从来也没有理解或承认过我们的文化是存在差别的。”

北孟加拉大学政治学的退休教授亚辛也认为:“是时候承认廓尔喀人对文化认同的要求了,这是他们应得的。”

2017年6月18日,廓尔喀抗议者在位于德里议会大楼前示威,要求从西孟加拉邦独立。(图片来源于东方IC)

直到今年6月,西孟加拉邦政府的语言教育政策又“点火”了。

廓尔喀人引起的动荡,其威力到底有多大呢?

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