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晒晒蓝天背后的秘密之一:为何北京颜值爆表?

2017-10-12 10:28:42   北京时间

“道路旁边受惠于机动车尾气,排放的氮氧化物比较多,PM2.5中硝酸盐就会比较高。而如果是燃煤污染,释放的更多是二氧化硫,硫酸盐在PM2.5中的占比就会更大。”张博韬向记者举例。

作为监测中心大气室的一员,王占山就是根据这些数据以及气象要素条件等作为依据来进行空气质量预报工作的。

“空气质量的影响因素有很多,但从大的方面来说,主要是污染源排放和气象条件。”王占山解释说,“但其中最重要的还是污染源排放,虽然很多时候雾霾的形成是因为气象条件不利于扩散,但如果没有污染,气象条件再不利也不会有雾霾。”

“除此之外,我们几个预报员也会参考一些客观的预报手段——比如统计模型和数值模型,综合主观客观结论后再进行会商,最终给出预报结果。”王占山还告诉记者,包括二氧化硫、PM10在内的空气污染物常规有6项,但目前首要污染物总体以PM2.5为主。

这些预报结果每天都会通过官网、微博、手机客户端、电视台等渠道向外发布,为普通民众的日常生活提供参考。

除了公众服务,空气质量预报的另一大功能就是为政府提供管理支撑。

“比如说,预报未来连续3天有重污染过程,那么管理层就可以一方面发布预警,一方面制定应急减排措施。气象条件控制不了,但是污染源可以控制——减排哪个方向,减排多少量。”王占山说,这些科学依据,让空气污染可以得到更好的控制。

统筹者:协调锅炉改造一天奔波400公里

事实上,王占山和他的同事们的价值并不只在短期的空气质量控制,作为近5年来北京市大气污染治理行动指南的《北京市2013-2017年清洁空气行动计划》(以下简称“清空计划”),同样是基于来自于王占山等科研人员的相关数据和研究结果而编订的。

“监测中心的数据很好地帮助了我们有的放矢的制定相关政策。”曾景海是北京市环保局大气处副处长,他所在的大气处负责统筹北京大气污染治理工作,并统筹编订了“清空计划”。

曾景海告诉北京时间记者,通过分析,他们发现北京市PM2.5来源很多,但最主要的来源为机动车、燃煤、工业源和扬尘四块。现在北京大气治理的思路,包括控车减油、清煤降氮、工业源治理等治理措施的出台,都源自于此。

“需要说明的是,北京市的PM2.5百分之六七十都是二次产生,它是很多物质反应后生成的,直接排放的只占小部分。”曾景海补充道。

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