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阿拉善:神奇的背后

2017-08-18 10:53:56   央视网

十几年前,北方很多城市的人们对春天里的沙尘暴习以为常,光2000年春天就有8次大规模沙尘暴袭击过北京。追溯沙尘暴的源头,内蒙古的阿拉善多次被提及。近几年,北方的沙尘暴明显减少了,沙尘暴的源起之地阿拉善又变成了什么样呢?

阿拉善位于内蒙古的最西部,与宁夏、甘肃接壤,面积27万平方公里。今天的阿拉善,在一个外来者的眼里还略显荒凉,但只有生活在这里的人才清楚,他们经历了怎样的努力,才让阿拉善变成现在的模样。

在阿拉善,巴丹吉林、乌兰布和、腾格里三大沙漠横贯全境,沙漠面积占阿拉善总面积的三分之一,曾经一段时期,三大沙漠即将连在一起,整个阿拉善面临被沙漠吞噬的危险。

阿拉善盟林业局副局长潘竞军说:“三大沙漠会合以后,整个阿拉善地区有可能变为一片沙海,同时贺兰山这道天然屏障防护功能也将逐渐消失,流沙随之会向河套灌区、宁夏平原乃至华北地区蔓延过去,后果不堪设想。”

上世纪八十年代,因为长期的过度放牧和滥砍滥伐,阿拉善生态状况告急,从那时起,阿拉善开始了人沙之战。当时人们高喊着“人进沙退”“让沙漠变绿洲”的口号向沙漠腹地进军。

20多万人进驻沙漠腹地,开始大规模的人工造林,种植乔木,结果出现了年年种树不见树的尴尬景象。在这场人沙之战中,人很快就败下阵来,阿拉善人不得不重新思考人与沙漠间的关系,他们认识到,沙漠作为地球生态的一部分不可能消失,沙进人退并不科学,必须改变。

“政府把环境恶劣的沙区老百姓退出来,施以人工治理措施,通过人退来带动沙退。”潘竞军说。

人退、沙退,这种理念给阿拉善的防沙治沙带来转机。近些年,国家生态治理工程启动,阿拉善开始采取科学的态度去治沙,目标也更清晰了,那就是在三大沙漠周边形成一道绿色长廊,阻止三大沙漠握手。

阿左旗巴彦诺日公苏木苏海图嘎查在腾格里沙漠的东缘,记者在这里看到了大片的梭梭林,这是当地常见的固沙植物。

苏海图嘎查曾是牧场,2004年前后,草场退化严重,牧民一年的收入还不够给牲畜买草吃,嘎查里年轻一点的牧民都扔下草场去外地寻出路挣钱,草场变成荒漠,一扔就是好几年。最近几年,嘎查成立了合作社,号召在外打工的牧民回家种植梭梭。

种梭梭最早的牧民胡开竞带着记者来到他的地里看他种的梭梭,他告诉记者,第一年想试试,就种了600亩。

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