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英媒:美国大选的表与里

2016-10-10 11:53:55   新华网

其次,风格对立。在首场电视辩论中,希拉里开场即抛出了逾20条施政措施,而特朗普的空泛口号依旧多于具体方案。两者风格形成了“实干VS口号”的鲜明对立,引起了舆论的高度关注。但是,从博弈机理来看,这一对立格局并非意外,而是双方最优竞选策略使然。执政党继承了上届政府的政治遗产与施政经验,必然善加利用,通过在施政措施上的频频发力,打压资历不足的对手。面对这一压力,在野党则需唱响改革口号,点燃选民破旧立新的愿景,进而扬长避短。历史上,卡特与里根、麦凯恩与奥巴马等竞选都出现了相似的对立格局。

此外,鲜明的风格对立也将加剧选民的阵营分裂,不同社会群体的民调将两极分化。因此,电视辩论期间的民调不再具有准确的前瞻功能。例如,2012年,罗姆尼虽在电视辩论中胜出,但未能赢得最终大选。而今年首场电视辩论后,主流媒体和网络媒体的民调结果也大相庭径。

再次,路线争锋。历次大选,两党都会开出截然相反的经济药方。在今年首场电视辩论中,两党候选人在税收、贸易、监管等问题上均针锋相对,路线之争同样成为辩论焦点。短期来看,两党的路线各有利弊,难以取舍。但是,从中长期来看,党派意志其实难以改变美国经济的客观规律,不同路线对于经济走势的影响微乎其微。据我们测算,1945年-2015年,两党执政期间的GDP增速、通胀水平、失业率等主要经济表现的长期均值非常接近。虽然民主党看似略有微弱优势,但这一差异在统计学意义上并不显著。并且,两党历史上都出台过一些短期大获人心、长期代价沉重的经济方针。例如,胡佛政府的“自由主义”、卡特政府的“反通胀计划”、尼克松政府的“物价管制”等等。

不同于表层热点,在镁光灯外,本次大选催生了一些深层趋势,正对美国经济的长期总供给产生负面冲击。从AD-AS模型来看,这些趋势迫使长期供给曲线向左移动。因此,无论大选结果如何,美国经济的中长期增长都将受到抑制。具体而言,这些深层趋势体现在如下三个方面:

第一,结构性改革进程放缓。就目前美国经济形势而言,宽松政策的边际效应和后续潜力正在衰减。无论何人当选,结构性改革都是不可回避的关键挑战。美国政治学理论指出,在成熟的制衡机制下,只有当总统本人对其他权利中心具有足够的说服力和凝聚力,才能有效地进行改革。否则,总统的单边行动就将陷入无休止的程序纠缠。

例如,近期的“9·11法案”就经历了“议会通过--总统否决--议会再推翻总统否决”的反复拉锯。党内初选至今,本次大选不仅加剧了社会割裂和党际对立,还造成了严重的党内分歧。当前的两党候选人均不具备足够的能力推动改革。因此,无论何人当选,美国经济的结构性改革都将被迫放缓,全要素生产率将受到持续抑制,削弱美国经济的长期增长基础。

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