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起底仲裁法庭:既不常设,亦非法庭,更无关公正

2016-07-14 07:39:00   国家人文历史

可见仲裁委员会的组成是由国家决定的,常设仲裁法庭服从于国家的安排,其应当根据国家的意愿行事,并不能凌驾于国家之上进行裁决,不具有超主权的特征。

常设仲裁法庭的实践

由于常设仲裁法庭在设立初期只接受主权国家间的争端仲裁,所以于1900年创立到1932年之间,其只仲裁过二十起案件。很长一段时间内,其陷入了无案可理的窘境,其起到的作用仅仅为向联合国国际法院提供法官候选人名单。常设仲裁法庭为了维持其自身的生存,逐渐将仲裁范围从国家间的争端扩展到了国家与国际组织之间的争端,国家与私营部门间的争端。


1907年召开的第二次海牙和平会议

常设仲裁法庭并非专注于解决国家间主权争端的机构,其业务范围已经横跨到了调整国家与其他法人的范围中,涉及到了国际私法范围。如常设仲裁法庭于1935年仲裁了美国无线电公司提起的,与当时中华民国政府所签订的关于无线电通讯协议的争端。又如常设仲裁法庭在2012-17号案件(PCA Case No. 2012-17)对于美国某能源集团提起的针对加拿大政府违反《北美自由贸易协定》的仲裁。

由此可见,常设仲裁法庭根本不是调整国家间关系,解决国家领土争端的专门机构。根据其自身的统计,近年以来,其参与的国家间争端的仲裁只有8起,而其参与的私营部门与国家间争端有73起,其参与其他有国家控制的实体(如国有企业)、国家或国际组织涉案的争端有34起。针对国家间争端的仲裁只占其业务量的7%,不由得让人对其仲裁的专业性与仲裁结果的权威性提出质疑。

仲裁的执行

由于国际仲裁是在争端当事国的共识之下提交给仲裁法庭的,那么出于国家在提交仲裁申请时的自愿原则,仲裁结果应当被执行,且仲裁结果应当被视作为最终裁决。但是具体到个案的执行中,则需要仲裁的参与方本着良好的意愿,自觉执行相关的结果。

但根据国际法委员会(the International Law Commission)制定的《仲裁程序示范规则》(The Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure)的第35条,如发生下列三种情况之一,则仲裁结果是无效的:仲裁庭越权、仲裁者的腐败与仲裁严重背离程序正义。当然如果仲裁结果违反了国际强行法和最基本的国际法原则,仲裁结果也是无效的。国际法委员会是于1947年由联合国大会成立以促进国际法的编纂为目的的组织。其意见应当被视作国际社会针对国际法的共识。

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