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深化铁路改革是攻坚战和持久战

2017-09-24 07:36:52   中国经济网

深化铁路改革谁担责?

铁路是国民经济大动脉、国家关键基础设施、综合交通运输体系骨干和重大民生工程,是经济社会发展的基础保障和支撑。深化铁路改革,责任重大。对于涉及到全局性、整体性、系统性的战略决策和实施推进,必然存在一定的风险。如果谋划不周、仓促行事,或者为改革而改革,很可能造成难以挽回的重大损失和历史遗憾。

纵观世界铁路史,铁路改革鲜有成功的国家,改革不成功的案例比比皆是。美国、日本、英国、法国、德国等国家此类失败案例诸多。德国国铁曾在50年间,经历了16次改革失败,背负着沉重的债务。英国铁路改革,几近反复,仅1997-2002短短5年中,接连发生13起严重事故,导致59人死亡,数百人受伤。2010年英国发布的《铁路重建报告》指出,1997年至2010年间,英国人的铁路出行的成本上升了17%;此外,每年因系统碎片化和私有化造成的损失为12亿英镑。

2000年前后,在原铁道部部长傅志寰领导下,采用欧盟的“网运分离”模式进行中国铁路改革试行,在各路局组建了客运公司,轰轰烈烈改革,最终却以失败告终。因为“网运分离”的最大弊端,就是增加了运输公司与路网公司之间的交易成本,内耗增加,使整个铁路运输系统效率有所损失。至于是否推进区域重构,要充分结合国家战略和经济社会发展实际,长远考量,不可盲目冒进。例如,边疆铁路局还有承担巩固地缘安全稳定和“一带一路”桥头堡国际枢纽的作用。

可以说,时至今日,并没有完全适合中国铁路改革学习的经验。一方面,中国铁路的集成性、复杂性和系统性超过世界任何一个国家的铁路模式;另一方面,中国与其他国家的国情不同,政治、经济、文化环境不同。中国铁路其实就是中国政治经济、社会发展的生动缩影。因此,坚持道路自信,在全球范围打造现代铁路的“中国模式”,不仅是国家的战略选择,更是务实的铁路坦途。

本世纪以来,中国铁路战略发展、砥砺前行、勇创一流,实现了整个行业的整体性跃升,引领世界轨道交通业迈入朝阳产业,成为中国经济社会发展的强劲引擎,是“一带一路”战略的“先行军”和“铺路石”,发展成果来之不易,发展态势前景期好。在铁路深化改革中,需要全面理解和把握“稳中求进”工作总基调,深刻领会“理直气壮做强做优做大”的国企改革精神,宜改则改,稳妥推进。

如果改革导致铁路效率效益下降、安全稳定风险增加、客货价格不够稳定、铁路发展弛缓,那么责任谁来担当?恐怕谁也担负不起。

对于深化改革,国家有关部委、有关专家提出:“改革创新要允许失败”。话虽如此,对于牵一发而动全身的行业和系统,深化铁路改革意味着不能走“回头路”,更不允许失败。

深化铁路改革是场攻坚战和持久战,需要积极稳妥操作,步步为营推进。当前,通过供给侧结构性改革和混合所有制改革的推动,做大做强现代物流和商旅经济,精干管理系统,加强社会合作,激发资产资源价值,可以降低铁路企业改革成本和风险。当改革不断释放出效益,产生纵深领域影响时,可顺理成章、更深层次加快铁路改革发展步伐,实现更大程度的铁路行业变革、产业革命。 (作者解筱文系铁路系统人士、评论员)

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