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深化铁路改革是攻坚战和持久战

2017-09-24 07:36:52   中国经济网

如果有所谓的专家认为,铁路资产负载率还是高。那么笔者可以举一个例子,看看铁路建设所产生的负债到底是优质资产,还是垃圾资产?詹天佑主持修建并负责的中国第一条铁路京张铁路总投资500万两白银,1909年2月建成,距今超过108年,仍然在运营。这一个世纪所产生的效益该有多大,资本回报率该有多高?

笔者认为,以现有新建铁路运营效率效益超预期回报的情况,中国铁路具有良好的循环再造能力,具有为国为民发展倍增优良资产的能力,铁路不存在资不抵债等危言耸听的债务风险。

按照中国《中长期铁路网规划》(2016),到2025年,铁路网规模达到17.5万公里左右,大建设将告一段落。因2013年之前的大多数铁路建设国铁控股51%。所以,8年后的铁总将处于全面盈利收获期,届时经营收益和资产效益将巨大释放。

第二,铁路与其他运输方式存在市场化竞争关系。

客运方面,铁路与公路、航空、水运、城市轨道交通等运输方式存在竞争,铁路主要市场是中长途客流领域,航空是长途,公路和城市轨道交通为短途。2016年,全社会完成旅客周转量3.12万亿人公里,其中,铁路1.26亿人公里,占40.4%;公路1.02万亿人公里,占32.9%。从数据看,铁路与公路年客运周转量相差不大,若加上未全面计入的公路运输客流部分,两者差距更小,呈现出平分秋色的市场格局。

货运方面,铁路市场主要是大宗货物领域,非大宗货物、快递物流领域主要是由公路、航空等物流绝对主导。2016年全社会完成货物周转量18万亿吨公里,其中,水运9.54万亿吨公里,占52.8%;公路6.12万亿吨公里,占33.9%,铁路2.38万亿吨公里,管道运输0.467万亿吨公里。由此看,铁路并不是独占鳌头。

比较可见,如果要将铁路定义为垄断行业或企业,那也应该是相对垄断。退一步讲,即便是垄断,也未必不利国利民。垄断有时在一定程度上有利于技术创新与进步,有利于提高效率。放眼全球,在能源、信息、战略资源等一系列关系国家安全的领域,几乎所有的国家,国有控股和行业垄断成了常态,因为垄断有利于一国世界竞争力提高。在此方面,美国相比中国,有过之而无不及。

第三,从效率效益方面看,铁路并不是一些专家所谓的低效。据2016《中国铁道年鉴》统计数据,截至2015年底,中国铁路营业总里程12.09万公里(复线率53.4%),美国22.82公里(复线率66%),中国铁路营业里程不足美国的一半,复线率低于美国。

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