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国企改革 被改革的应该是谁?

2017-09-24 07:31:52   中国经济网

面对这种复杂的国有企业组织形式,当我们再谈国有企业改革时,尤其是说要将国有企业打造成市场竞争主体时,我们说的这个市场竞争主体指的是企业集团整体还是企业集团中的单个法人企业?显然,这是两种完全不同的企业。如果这时不明确指的是哪种国有企业,其意义就会非常有限。那么,我们的改革究竟应该将谁作为改革的对象呢?

在国有企业改革开始时,改革的对象自然是由行业主管部门直接管理的单体企业,它们要成为市场竞争主体。当行业主管部门被撤销,组建国有企业集团后,单体的国有企业成为集团的成员企业,而在它们的顶层则有一个集团公司。起初,集团公司的职责主要是传达上级政策文件、任免成员企业高管、合并会计报表等,它的费用来自于各成员企业上交的管理费。作为市场竞争主体,各成员企业有着投资及生产经营自主权,直接参与市场竞争而发展,这就出现了一种情况,即成员企业之间相互竞争,集团集而不团,感到有名无实。后来,在中央企业就提出了加强集团化管控,形成集团整体竞争力,这时,国企改革扩大自主权给予成员企业的一些权力尤其是投资决策权便被上收到集团公司。显然,这样的权力上收与国有企业改革初始时要将单体企业打造成市场竞争主体是相悖的。但从加强集团化管控的角度来说,这种权力的上收则又应该是合理的。而解决这个矛盾则要求我们必须要改变改革的思路,这就是不能再将集团成员的单体企业作为改革的对象,而要将企业集团或者是法人企业联合体作为改革的对象,把它们改造成一个集团化的企业,即市场竞争的主体。而这些企业的未来目标就是要成为像美国的通用汽车公司、波音公司、杜邦公司、通用电气公司这样的全球知名企业,是行业中的世界领先者。

那么,如何来改革目前的企业集团?这就是实行集团资产的整体混改。其方式有二:一是直接对目前的集团公司进行国有产权与非国有产权的混合所有制改革。二是对大部分资产已经进入上市公司的企业集团,可将其资产逐步注入上市公司进而实现集团的整体混改。整体混改后,企业的成员企业有的可仍保留法人资格,但只作为全资子公司,是企业的战略执行主体;有的可取消法人资格,作为事业部或独立核算单位。

实际上,一些中央企业,如中国中铁、中国铁建、中交集团已经实现整体上市,全部资产及人员都已进入上市公司,从而完成了集团的整体混合所有制改革。原来的成员企业虽然是公司制,但都是一人有限责任公司,只是作为上市公司的全资子企业。集团公司虽然还存在,但只是上市公司国有股权的持有者,一个“壳企业”。在这样的中央企业再搞混改,显然不能对上市公司中的子公司搞混改,只能是转让上市公司的国有股权或通过增资扩股来引入战略投资者,进而对董事会进行改组,改善企业的法人治理结构。

在推进集团整体混合所有制改革中,一些质量不高的资产可能会无法参与混改,这时,可以将这些资产剥离出去。方式是,成立一个由国资委直接管理的资产管理公司,由它来接收这些无法参与整体混改的资产。整体混改后,国有股权需要有明确的持有者,它就是十八届三中全会《决定》中提出的国有资本投资运营公司,它专司负责持有并管理国有股权,是国有资产监管体制的主体之一,其他两个主体则为国资委、混合所有制企业。(作者许保利系国务院国资委研究中心研究员)

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