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南京银行利润迷局:营收暴跌 银行会计如何调出利润

2017-09-22 11:22:19   中国经济网

 银行会计利润调节利器:资产减值损失

那么问题来了,在利息收入和中间业务都明显减少,成本收入比攀升的情况下,南京银行的利润到底是如何大幅攀升的呢?

这就不得不说银行财报中的一个关键数据:资产减值损失,其主要构成就包括贷款减值损失。

查阅财报数据发现:南京银行今年上半年资产减值损失25.48亿元,而上年同期为51.48亿元,其中发放贷款及垫款的资产减值损失计提了18.77亿元,仅为2016年同期的40%。资产减值损失同比减少了26亿元,这其实才是导致南京银行这一出营收减少,净利上升戏码的主角。

若我们进行一下调整,假设资产减值损失今年上半年与去年同期持平,也就是说,成本要增加26亿元,则税前利润要相应减少26亿元,假设企业平均所得税率为25%,那么相应的净利润约为30亿元,这一调整后的净利润与去年同期相比则要下滑近29%。当然,这只是在讲原理,并不是一个准确算法,也不会完全符合事实。银行会计非常复杂,从公开财报上的数据就推断南京银行刻意通过这个方式来调节利润,也是不公允的。

但是,通过历史数据对比,我们可以明显看到,今年上半年南京银行的资产减值数据较此前大幅下滑,且处于历史低位。下图为南京银行资产减值情况:

此前三年,南京银行的营收和净利润增速都处于较高水平,基本上都在20%以上,营收增速甚至保持在35%以上。在此期间,南京银行账面上的资产减值损失也在大幅增加,同比增速保持在35%以上,2014年超过200%,资产减值计提的增速在所有上市银行中处于较快水平。不过,这一情况在2017年上半年出现反转,同比减少了50%,仅为25.48亿元,而去年同期的资产减值损失有51.48亿元。

尤其值得关注的是,财报上显示,在由于贷款和垫款带来的资产损失,从上年的同期的47.36亿,减少到18.77亿。

说到这里就不得不提不良贷款核销那点事。南京银行在半年报中称:公司用足用好核销政策,积极组织开展核销工作,按应核尽核原则加大核销力度,为稳定资产质量起到积极作用。

不良贷款核销并不会直接影响当期利润,但是核销之后减轻了拨备压力,在某些情况下可以间接影响当期利润。

由于前几年计提较为充分,南京银行的拨贷比和不良贷款拨备覆盖率都维持在较高水平。截至2016年底,拨备覆盖率已经高达457.32%。今年6月底,拨备覆盖率小幅下降到450.19%,而拨贷比则从3.99%下降到3.89%。

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