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业界热议对证券欺诈因果关系认定逻辑

2017-09-16 09:31:43   新华网

据许峰介绍,证券侵权司法解释关于因果关系认定的规定为第十八条,证券侵权司法解释关于因果关系否定的规定为第十九条。当前个别创新案例的因果关系否定思路可概括为,虽然投资者在虚假陈述实施日到揭露日之间买入股票并且截至揭露日也持有,但如果投资者在揭露日后继续买入涉案股票,在不考虑其他因素的情况下,裁判认定投资者买入卖出所有的涉案股票(包括实施日到揭露日期间买入的股票并且到揭露日持有的股票)的损失与虚假陈述没有因果关系。

许峰说,裁判逻辑的根本想法是让投资者去证明自己买入股票与虚假陈述的因果关系,就如同在大智慧虚假陈述案,共同被告立信会计师事务所提出的,投资者没有证据证明看了立信出的审计报告而买入涉案股票,也就是说,如果投资者不能证明被误导,那么投资者揭露日前后买卖涉案股票,就应该认定损失与虚假陈述没有因果关系。

“为了解决这种困扰,司法解释引进了信赖推定原则,投资者只要在实施日到揭露日期间买入股票,并且在揭露日后卖出或继续持有股票,即推定损失与虚假陈述存在因果关系,在此基础上对因果关系的否定作出比较严格的限定。”许峰说。

其三,有必要进一步修订司法解释或出台指导案例。刘国华说,在以往的判例中,各地法院绝大部分严格按照《司法解释》第十八条、第十九条来认定虚假陈述与投资损失之间的因果关系,而对投资者的投资行为是否受到了虚假陈述行为的欺诈有所不问。

具体到该案,一、二审法院认为林某的损失,是证券市场其他因素导致的个股股价变化而发生的,与公司的虚假陈述行为没有因果关系,并据此驳回了诉讼请求。不过,最高院提出了新的裁判理由:林某在虚假陈述实施日甚至揭露日之后其仍在进行买入卖出行为,应当认定其交易决定并未受本案诉争的虚假陈述行为的影响,故不产生交易因果关系,其主张不符合民通意见第六十八条的规定。故林某的投资损失与公司的虚假陈述行为之间并无因果关系。

“根据司法解释第十九条的规定,在虚假陈述揭露日或者更正日之前已经卖出证券、在虚假陈述揭露日或者更正日及以后进行的投资,被告可以免责,但并不代表在虚假陈述揭露日及以后进行的投资会导致揭露日前的买入也免责。”刘国华表示,而且虚假陈述实施日后买入方符合索赔条件,揭露日之后的买入亏损本来就没有被林某列入索赔范围。另外,最高院认为“在该虚假信息披露后,系基于对该虚假信息的信赖而卖出其持有的上市公司的股票,则可以主张该卖出行为系受公司资产减少不实的虚假陈述行为的影响”。

刘国华认为,司法解释生效至今已有十余年,在保护投资者合法权益方面发挥了巨大的历史作用。不过,面对千变万化的证券市场,依然存在大量的法律空白或者争议之处。目前保护投资者合法权益已是社会各界的共识,证券市场投资者的维权意识空前高涨。证券虚假陈述责任纠纷案件呈现井喷之势,很多案件索赔投资者成百上千,索赔金额甚至过亿。最高法有必要进一步修订司法解释或者出台指导案例,以利于法律全国统一适用,尽量减少“同案不同判”的情况出现。

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