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发挥仲裁主渠道作用 破解PPP纠纷解决机制困境

2017-09-12 17:01:51   新华网

三、仲裁作为PPP纠纷解决主渠道的条件与路径

如上所述,仲裁较之协调、调解、复议和诉讼等PPP纠纷解决方式,具有自身的独特优势,能够较好地保证PPP纠纷解决对专业性、公正性、保密和高效的要求。特别是在当前司法独立性、公正性和权威性还有待提高的背景下,仲裁可以在很大程度上打消社会资本对PPP纠纷解决的顾虑。因此,未来应当努力发挥仲裁作为PPP纠纷解决主渠道的作用,以破解现存的PPP纠纷解决机制困境,推动PPP事业良性发展。为此,至少需要解决以下问题:

首先,理论上要厘清仲裁是否可以适用PPP纠纷的争议。我们认为,PPP协议兼具民事合同和行政合同的双重性质,PPP纠纷可能会伴随行政权的行使。但是,PPP协议的签订仍然是协议双方真实意思表示的体现,更多体现出民事合同的意思自治,PPP协议的履行也需要遵循合同法的基本原则。从这个角度而言,PPP纠纷本质上是双方利益之争,更多地体现为合同纠纷或其他财产权益纠纷。因而,适用仲裁并无绝对理论上的障碍。事实上,在2014年《行政诉讼法》修改前,PPP项目的可仲裁性并未引起太大争议,包括中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会、北京市仲裁委员会等在内的仲裁机构均正常受理此类仲裁业务。所以,我们认为,理论上仲裁作为PPP纠纷解决的方式不但可行,而且作为纠纷解决的主渠道的理由也是充分的:(1)作为一种法律救济手段,应当兼具公平、公正、专业、高效等特点,在这方面,仲裁较之其他纠纷解决方式更具优势;(2)将仲裁作为PPP纠纷解决的主渠道也是国外的常见模式。例如,在英国,行政合同纠纷通常由当事人与政府通过非正式谈判或仲裁解决。在美国,PPP项目一般采用仲裁作为纠纷解决的基本方式。(3)PPP纠纷解决机制的不足在一定程度上制约着社会资本参与PPP项目的积极性,影响PPP项目的落地率,仲裁这种相对公正、高效的纠纷解决方式,可以在较大程度上打消投资者的顾虑。

其次,立法上要明确仲裁作为PPP纠纷解决路径的应有地位。《仲裁法》明确规定仲裁只适用于平等主体之间的合同纠纷和其他财产权益纠纷,行政争议不适用仲裁。但事实上,《仲裁法》并未对PPP纠纷适用仲裁造成根本性障碍。反倒是2014年修改的《行政诉讼法》及其司法解释,明确规定政府特许经营协议纠纷适用行政诉讼,则在很大程度上为运用仲裁解决PPP纠纷制造了立法上的障碍。因为该法已经将PPP协议界定为行政协议,而行政协议并非平等主体之间的法律关系,因而按照《仲裁法》关于仲裁适用范围的规定,PPP纠纷无法适用仲裁。对此,我们认为,根据《立法法》第八条、第九十二条的规定:“诉讼和仲裁制度只能由全国人民代表大会及其常委会制定法律”、“同一机关制定的法律,新的规定与旧的规定不一致的,适用新规定”,立法层面可以有两个选择:其一,通过修改《仲裁法》,增加规定PPP协议纠纷可以适用仲裁。在《仲裁法》自1995年至今已实施20多年,且学界要求修改的呼声强烈的背景下,此种选择较为直接且可行,但受立法进程影响,可能时间会比较漫长。其二,在PPP相关法律中规定可以适用仲裁的条款。2016年初的《政府和社会资本合作法(征求意见稿)》即明确规定PPP纠纷可以适用仲裁。但随后再无相关立法进程的消息。2017年7月国务院法制办发布了《基础设施和公共服务领域政府和社会资本合作条例(征求意见稿)》,亦明确规定PPP纠纷可以适用仲裁。该事件似乎可以解读为,在PPP法律受阻的情况下,国务院试图通过行政法规的方式来解决目前PPP立法缺失的窘境。但是,通过行政法规的方式增加规定PPP纠纷可以适用仲裁,其合法性无疑是值得商榷的。因为行政法规的效力低于法律,行政法规对PPP纠纷解决方式的规定无法超越法律(《行政诉讼法》),因而不能从根本上解决立法上关于PPP纠纷是否可以适用仲裁的矛盾。因此,更加稳妥的选择应当是在《政府和社会资本合作法》中予以明确规定。

再次,实践中要切实发挥仲裁解决PPP纠纷的主渠道作用。我们认为可以从三个方面着手:其一,PPP相关立法应当从立法精神上鼓励当事人优先考虑选择仲裁解决PPP纠纷;其二,法律规定强制仲裁制度,即任何一方当事人都可以申请仲裁,申请仲裁不再以当事人双方签订仲裁协议为依据;其三,政府应当支持和帮助仲裁机构建立专门的PPP纠纷仲裁中心,提高PPP纠纷仲裁的专业化水平。

PPP纠纷解决机制事关当事人双方重大权益,一套公平、公正、高效的纠纷解决机制,可以为当事人合法权益编织最后一张保护网。这张保护网是否结实,既关乎公平正义,也影响着社会资本是否能够积极参与PPP项目,进而影响PPP在我国的发展。仲裁可以担负起这张结实保护网的历史使命。(作者为首都经济贸易大学副校长孙昊哲、首都经济贸易大学法学院讲师尹少成)

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