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发挥仲裁主渠道作用 破解PPP纠纷解决机制困境

2017-09-12 17:01:51   新华网

最后,在争议解决实践中,仲裁的积极作用远没有得到充分的发挥和利用,甚至仲裁是否可以作为PPP纠纷解决途径还尚存争议。此种争议的本质是对PPP协议到底属于民事合同还是行政合同的分歧。《仲裁法》第二条规定:“平等主体的公民、法人和其他组织之间发生的合同纠纷和其他财产权益纠纷,可以仲裁。”第三条规定:“依法应当由行政机关处理的行政争议不能仲裁”。如果认为PPP协议属于行政合同,适用仲裁无疑存在较大障碍。2014年修改的《行政诉讼法》规定政府特许经营协议纠纷适用行政诉讼,则进一步为运用仲裁解决PPP纠纷制造了立法上的障碍。

二、仲裁作为PPP纠纷解决方式的优势

尽管通过仲裁解决PPP纠纷面临理论上的争议和立法上的障碍,但事实上,仲裁机构的相关实践在争议中并未停滞不前。其中,中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会还成立PPP仲裁中心,这是国内第一家致力于通过仲裁方式处理PPP争议的仲裁中心。北京市仲裁委员会也在PPP项目争议解决上积极作为,并成立PPP研究中心,不断提升PPP纠纷解决的专业水平。究其原因,是PPP纠纷解决机制中,仲裁具有自身的独特优势。

首先,仲裁的专业性符合了PPP纠纷专业性较强的要求。PPP纠纷通常专业性较强且法律关系复杂,加之PPP涉及领域众多,对纠纷解决者的专业性提出了非常高的要求。法院法官虽然也具有较强的司法专业性,但对PPP项目特有专业性深入研究普遍不足,且受自身办案类型限制明显。而仲裁机构不受地域限制、仲裁机构名册中有不同领域资深PPP专家,可供当事人更大范围自主性选择,更好的满足PPP纠纷多项专业性的要求。

其次,仲裁的中立性满足了PPP纠纷解决对公正的追求。公平公正是对所有纠纷解决机制的最终要求。协调、调解等方式因是当事人的自愿选择,自然能够更好满足公平公正的要求。诉讼特别是其中的行政诉讼,当前受各种因素的影响,社会公信力尚有待提高,尤其是当一方主体是政府时,受中国传统行政法惯性思维影响,相对人一方总是心存顾虑,这势必影响纠纷调处的效率和效果。而仲裁,由于仲裁机构、仲裁员等都是由双方自行选择的,其独立性、中立性明显高于诉讼,因而能够较好的保证结果的公平公正。

最后,仲裁的保密和高效契合了PPP纠纷的特殊性。PPP案件通常还具有较强的社会敏感性,其处理结果不仅关系当事人的经济利益,也关乎公共产品和服务的持续稳定供给。因而案件处理过程中,既要注意适度的保密,以维护社会稳定和当事人经济利益,又要重视提高纠纷化解效率。因为久拖不决的PPP纠纷,会对投入巨大的双方造成重大损失,特别是社会资本方,其抗风险能力相对较差,难以承受“马拉松式”诉讼。仲裁以不公开审理为原则,可以较好地满足当事人对保密性的要求,同时,仲裁程序简单且灵活,采取一裁终局原则,可以高效解决PPP纠纷。

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