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人人乐再次陷入亏损 曾经的零售巨头是否有力回天?

2017-09-11 07:37:38   中国经济网

毛利率比这几家公司高,但净利润却不尽如人意,永辉超市2016年净利润为12.1亿元,三江购物营收规模只有40亿元,不到人人乐的一半,净利润也有1亿元。既然毛利率高,则意味着人人乐在采购成本和销售价格上并不处于劣势,甚至还比同行业稍好。但亏损究竟来自于哪儿呢?很大一部分原因出在人人乐的管理与销售费用上。2015年至2017年上半年,人人乐销售费用分别为20亿元、19亿元、8.9亿元,管理费用分别为6.9亿元、4.4亿元、2.2亿元。

对比人人乐与永辉超市、三江购物的销售费用、管理费用,可以明显看到,其所占比率较高。近三年,人人乐的运营费率达23.5%,而三江购物和永辉超市分别为18%、17%。

细看其管理费用和销售费用,背后更是隐藏了人人乐这几年从战略上到实际运营的一些问题。

战略偏差与运营难题

人人乐早期的扩张策略是,先进军一个区域中心,成熟后迅速在区域内开始多家新店。2011年,借着上市之后的资本力量,人人乐继续用这种打法,一口气开了24家门店,新开店占到总门店数的20%。但是,这一策略并未遇上好时候。当时,互联网大潮席卷而来,传统零售商遭到了巨大的冲击,2011年连锁百强企业销售额出现负增长,比2010年下降0.9%。

盲目扩张也令人人乐很快陷入关店潮。2014和2015年,其分别关闭门店18家、11家,各损失1.62亿元和1.91亿元。2014年和2015年,人人乐的商品损耗大幅增长,分别为1.97亿和2.44亿。

除了门店扩张的问题,人人乐这几年经营状况不佳还有一个很重要的因素是管理出现问题。

首先是发生了高管离职潮。上市后的第二年,人人乐董事、副总裁、CEO李彦峰,事业部采购中心执行总经理王牛崽辞职;2012年,事业部副总裁李宽森辞职,还有11位高管及16位店长也离职。

高层动荡、军心不稳,公司难免会出现问题。至于为何高管纷纷离职,有传闻称,人人乐在上市之前,董事长何金明曾给一些中高层许下过关于赠送股权的承诺,但后来承诺未兑现,导致这些元老和高管离职。但这并未得到人人乐的官方证实。

这种状况也令一度退居二线、很少过问公司具体事务的何金明在2015年年底宣布重新复出。从何金明当时的言论中可以看出,当时的人人乐逐渐丧失了创业初期的奋斗精神,公司内部出现员工推诿责任、执行力减弱的问题。

其在复出时发表的公开信中称:“门店要解决一个问题,需要发十几封以上邮件,抄送一大堆部门。内部太多的流程,太多的部门需要沟通协调。我们造就了一个僵硬的体制,将自己牢牢困死在体制内。”此外,据知情人士透露,人人乐内部曾陷入贪腐风暴。仅仅在何金明回归第一年,人人乐就有十多位员工因贪腐问题被移交司法机关。“有很多是在办公室被带走的,这给员工的震撼很大。”

公司内部20年的传统零售经验也一定程度上影响了人人乐在新形势下的转型。许多类商品的经营权转交给了联营商户,甚至包括其具有核心竞争力的生鲜业务。

比如,此前人人乐一直采用联营模式,为了提升门店竞争力,人人乐前年开始尝试生鲜联营向自营转变。但在这个过程中,何金明发现不少门店还是在偷偷打“擦边球”,继续回到联营模式。其表示“比如社区店的配送问题。人人乐的社区店属于小业态,需要进行拆零配送,但配送中心还是习惯于整箱发货。为什么?因为他们认为这样的运输成本低。即便是配置了物流笼车,他们也很少使用”。

业内人士称,“这些状况都令公司资源分散,无法统一供应链。而供应链就是零售企业的生命线,没有供应链优势,也就失去了核心竞争力。”

截至9月8日,人人乐股价14.5元,总市值57.9亿元,而同年上市的永辉超市总市值已达到500多亿元,刚上市时,它们市值都在80多个亿。

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